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CPR 2nd half > Histology/Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histology/Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

two parts of the brain stem

A

medulla and pons

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2
Q

2 parts of medulla

A

ventral and dorsal respiratory groups

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3
Q

2 parts of pons

A

pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

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4
Q

dorsal respiratory group function

A

drives inspiratory response; communicates w pre-motor neurons

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5
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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6
Q

what nerve sends info back to brain for respiratory system?

A

vagus nerve

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7
Q

bronchodilation is caused by

A

sympathetic nerves

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8
Q

bronchoconstriction is caused by

A

parasympathetic nerves

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9
Q

negative pressure allows

A

gases to fill pleural space

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10
Q

quiet inspiration =

A

muscle action - diaphram moves 1 cm and ribs are lifted by muscles intrathoracic pressure falls and air is inhaled

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11
Q

quiet expiration

A

passive process with no muscle action; uses elastic recoil and alveolar surface tension to pull inward and push air out

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12
Q

in forced breathing, which muscles inspire and which expire?

A

inspiration - sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor exp -abdominal mm, internal intecostals

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13
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

has: bopolar neurons, supporting cells, stem cells, thin basement membrance, bowmans glands doesnt have: no goblet cells,

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14
Q

what muscle underlies true vocal cords?

A

vocalis muscle

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15
Q

false vs true vocal cords

A

false - before true ones, surface is PCC, core of serous glands true - right before trachea (after false ones), surface is stratified squamous epithelium, core = vocalis muscle

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16
Q

path after mouth –>

A

pharynx, larynx, then trachea

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17
Q

tracheal cartilage C rings are

A

in the front, back is attached by trachealis muscle - which allows esophagus to expand as food passes by

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18
Q

respiratory epithelium is =

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar (PCC) epithelium

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19
Q

how to tell difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchioles do NOT have cartilage

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20
Q

when bronchus turns into bronchiole…

A

cartilage disappears and then there is just smooth muscle no opening into alveoli yet fewer ciliated cells, no goblet cells new cell = CLARA cells

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21
Q

clara cells

A

bronchiolar expocrine cells with microvilli secrete surfactant , CC16 (modulates inflammation), and detox using p450 enzymes

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22
Q

requirements for efficient gas exchange

A

large area for diffusion minimal distance match ventilation and blood flow

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23
Q

termoinal bronchus leads to –>

A

lobular bronchiole –> terminal bronchiole –> respiratory bronchiole –> alveolar duct -> alveolar sac

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24
Q

pulmonary resistance is ____ compared to systemic resistance

A

low

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25
Q

as PO2 drops in an alveolus,

A

resistance in arterioles increase (perfusion to non ventilated sections!) and when alveoli is higher in Pressure than the capillaries, the air pressure can collapse the capillaries

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26
Q

west zones of lung pressure top, middle, bottom?

A

top - alveolar >arterial > venous middle: arterial > alveolar > venous bottom: arterial > venous > alveolar

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27
Q

type 1 vs type 2 pneumocytes

A

1 - squamous cells, flatter 2- larger and produce surfactant, rounder

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28
Q

what are alveolar cells called?

A

type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

29
Q

type 2 alveolar cell/pneumocyte

A

“septal cell” secretes surfactant develops late in pregnancy premature baby —> deficient surfactant –> respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease

30
Q

dust cells

A

alveolar macrophages

31
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do?

A

phagocytosis and host defense modulations

32
Q

spirometry

A

measure how quickly you inhale , how much you exhale, and how fast you exhale

33
Q

IRV FEV1 TV ERV

A

insiratory reserve v - max above TV amount exhaled in first second in forced exp. normal breathing volume exchanged expiratory reserve v - max expired below TV

34
Q

vital capacity =

A

TV + IRV + ERV

35
Q

residual volume

A

cannot be exhaled

36
Q

in elastic lung, volume is directly proportional to

A

pressure difference across the wall

37
Q

transmural pressure (Ptm) =

A

internal surface pressure - external surface pressure

38
Q

high compliance

A

very distensible more vertical on P vs V chart change in pressure caused greater changes in volume

39
Q

compliance =

A

slope (in Pvs V) changeV/change P curvilinear relationship

40
Q

in inspiration, alveolar pressure ____ and pleural pressure ____

A

alveolar increases p pleural decreases in p increased Ptm = large increase in lung volume

41
Q

direction of lungs and chest wall forces

A

lungs have inward force chest wall has outward force

42
Q

PV curve shifts ___ in inspiration and ____ in expiration

A

right left

43
Q

law of laplace

A

p = 2T/r more pressure is required to inflate smaller alveoli

44
Q

why dont alveoli collapse?

A

surfactant reduces surface tension

45
Q

surfactant is more concentrated at

A

smaller alveoli

46
Q

emphysema vs pulmonary fibrosis

A

e- enlarged alveoli, loss of recoil f-increases fibrosis, increased recoil

47
Q
A

loss of alveolar walls

dilated alveoli

emphysema

48
Q
A

fibroblast production

collagen deposition

restrictive, pulmonary fibrosis

49
Q

in emphysema, tissue cannot…

A

resist pull of the chest, increased compliance

high lung volume but hard to expel

50
Q

in pulmonary fibrosis, tissue is…

A

stiff,

low lung volume, hard to get air in

51
Q

where is airway resistance greatest?

A

middle sized artery

small has largest SA so resistanc is lowered

52
Q

resistance =

A

change in P/flow

53
Q

flow is driven by

A

pressure

54
Q

COPD vs fibrotic lung disease

A

copd - decrease recoil, increase TLC and Residual volume, decreased expiratory flow

fibrosis - increase recoil, decrease TLC and residual v, increase in expiratory flow

55
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

mostly quiescent in quiet breathing

powerful expiratory signal during exercise

influenced by cerebral cortex/emotion/stress

56
Q

where central pattern generator might be?

A

ventral resp group

57
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

upper pons

inspiritory inhibition off switch

stimulation shortend inspirations and increases rate

58
Q

apneustic center

A

lower pons

depth pf breath control

59
Q

if you transect above the apneustic center (lower pons), what happens?

A

longer inspirations and short expiration (apneustic breathing)

60
Q

neurons of vrg and drg are indirectly sensitive to…

A

PaCO2, PaO2, and pH

61
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

sense H+ and effector is diaphragm

62
Q

peripheral chemorecepptors

A

sense O2, CO2, and H+ and effector is ext intercostal m (inspiration)

63
Q

pulmonary receptors

A

sense stretch –> expiration via accessory m

64
Q

joint and muscle receptors

A

sense stretch and tension –> int intercostals m and abdominal m

65
Q

carotid body

A

a peripheral chemoreceptor that mainly provides afferent input to the respiratory center that is highly O2 dependent. However, the carotid body also senses increases in CO2 partial pressure and decreases in arterial pH, but to a lesser degree than for O2

type one glomus cells measure gas content directly in blood

66
Q

type 2 glomus cells

A

support cells in carotid body

67
Q

change in blood CO2 acute and chronic effects

A

acute - potent but then declines due to diffusion w BBB and renal adaptation

68
Q

oxygen does not have a significant effect on

A

central receptors

CPR 2nd half (6 decks)

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