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CPR 2nd half > Histology/Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histology/Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

two parts of the brain stem

A

medulla and pons

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2
Q

2 parts of medulla

A

ventral and dorsal respiratory groups

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3
Q

2 parts of pons

A

pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

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4
Q

dorsal respiratory group function

A

drives inspiratory response; communicates w pre-motor neurons

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5
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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6
Q

what nerve sends info back to brain for respiratory system?

A

vagus nerve

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7
Q

bronchodilation is caused by

A

sympathetic nerves

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8
Q

bronchoconstriction is caused by

A

parasympathetic nerves

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9
Q

negative pressure allows

A

gases to fill pleural space

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10
Q

quiet inspiration =

A

muscle action - diaphram moves 1 cm and ribs are lifted by muscles intrathoracic pressure falls and air is inhaled

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11
Q

quiet expiration

A

passive process with no muscle action; uses elastic recoil and alveolar surface tension to pull inward and push air out

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12
Q

in forced breathing, which muscles inspire and which expire?

A

inspiration - sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor exp -abdominal mm, internal intecostals

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13
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

has: bopolar neurons, supporting cells, stem cells, thin basement membrance, bowmans glands doesnt have: no goblet cells,

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14
Q

what muscle underlies true vocal cords?

A

vocalis muscle

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15
Q

false vs true vocal cords

A

false - before true ones, surface is PCC, core of serous glands true - right before trachea (after false ones), surface is stratified squamous epithelium, core = vocalis muscle

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16
Q

path after mouth –>

A

pharynx, larynx, then trachea

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17
Q

tracheal cartilage C rings are

A

in the front, back is attached by trachealis muscle - which allows esophagus to expand as food passes by

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18
Q

respiratory epithelium is =

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar (PCC) epithelium

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19
Q

how to tell difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchioles do NOT have cartilage

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20
Q

when bronchus turns into bronchiole…

A

cartilage disappears and then there is just smooth muscle no opening into alveoli yet fewer ciliated cells, no goblet cells new cell = CLARA cells

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21
Q

clara cells

A

bronchiolar expocrine cells with microvilli secrete surfactant , CC16 (modulates inflammation), and detox using p450 enzymes

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22
Q

requirements for efficient gas exchange

A

large area for diffusion minimal distance match ventilation and blood flow

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23
Q

termoinal bronchus leads to –>

A

lobular bronchiole –> terminal bronchiole –> respiratory bronchiole –> alveolar duct -> alveolar sac

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24
Q

pulmonary resistance is ____ compared to systemic resistance

A

low

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25
as PO2 drops in an alveolus,
resistance in arterioles increase (perfusion to non ventilated sections!) and when alveoli is higher in Pressure than the capillaries, the air pressure can collapse the capillaries
26
west zones of lung pressure top, middle, bottom?
top - alveolar \>arterial \> venous middle: arterial \> alveolar \> venous bottom: arterial \> venous \> alveolar
27
type 1 vs type 2 pneumocytes
1 - squamous cells, flatter 2- larger and produce surfactant, rounder
28
what are alveolar cells called?
type 1 and 2 pneumocytes
29
type 2 alveolar cell/pneumocyte
"septal cell" secretes surfactant develops late in pregnancy premature baby ---\> deficient surfactant --\> respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease
30
dust cells
alveolar macrophages
31
what do alveolar macrophages do?
phagocytosis and host defense modulations
32
spirometry
measure how quickly you inhale , how much you exhale, and how fast you exhale
33
IRV FEV1 TV ERV
insiratory reserve v - max above TV amount exhaled in first second in forced exp. normal breathing volume exchanged expiratory reserve v - max expired below TV
34
vital capacity =
TV + IRV + ERV
35
residual volume
cannot be exhaled
36
in elastic lung, volume is directly proportional to
pressure difference across the wall
37
transmural pressure (Ptm) =
internal surface pressure - external surface pressure
38
high compliance
very distensible more vertical on P vs V chart change in pressure caused greater changes in volume
39
compliance =
slope (in Pvs V) changeV/change P curvilinear relationship
40
in inspiration, alveolar pressure ____ and pleural pressure \_\_\_\_
alveolar increases p pleural decreases in p increased Ptm = large increase in lung volume
41
direction of lungs and chest wall forces
lungs have inward force chest wall has outward force
42
PV curve shifts ___ in inspiration and ____ in expiration
right left
43
law of laplace
p = 2T/r more pressure is required to inflate smaller alveoli
44
why dont alveoli collapse?
surfactant reduces surface tension
45
surfactant is more concentrated at
smaller alveoli
46
emphysema vs pulmonary fibrosis
e- enlarged alveoli, loss of recoil f-increases fibrosis, increased recoil
47
loss of alveolar walls dilated alveoli emphysema
48
fibroblast production collagen deposition restrictive, pulmonary fibrosis
49
in emphysema, tissue cannot...
resist pull of the chest, increased compliance high lung volume but hard to expel
50
in pulmonary fibrosis, tissue is...
stiff, low lung volume, hard to get air in
51
where is airway resistance greatest?
middle sized artery small has largest SA so resistanc is lowered
52
resistance =
change in P/flow
53
flow is driven by
pressure
54
COPD vs fibrotic lung disease
copd - decrease recoil, increase TLC and Residual volume, decreased expiratory flow fibrosis - increase recoil, decrease TLC and residual v, increase in expiratory flow
55
ventral respiratory group
mostly quiescent in quiet breathing powerful expiratory signal during exercise influenced by cerebral cortex/emotion/stress
56
where central pattern generator might be?
ventral resp group
57
pneumotaxic center
upper pons inspiritory inhibition off switch stimulation shortend inspirations and increases rate
58
apneustic center
lower pons depth pf breath control
59
if you transect above the apneustic center (lower pons), what happens?
longer inspirations and short expiration (apneustic breathing)
60
neurons of vrg and drg are indirectly sensitive to...
PaCO2, PaO2, and pH
61
central chemoreceptors
sense H+ and effector is diaphragm
62
peripheral chemorecepptors
sense O2, CO2, and H+ and effector is ext intercostal m (inspiration)
63
pulmonary receptors
sense stretch --\> expiration via accessory m
64
joint and muscle receptors
sense stretch and tension --\> int intercostals m and abdominal m
65
carotid body
a peripheral chemoreceptor that mainly provides afferent input to the respiratory center that is highly O2 dependent. However, the carotid body also senses increases in CO2 partial pressure and decreases in arterial pH, but to a lesser degree than for O2 type one glomus cells measure gas content directly in blood
66
type 2 glomus cells
support cells in carotid body
67
change in blood CO2 acute and chronic effects
acute - potent but then declines due to diffusion w BBB and renal adaptation
68
oxygen does not have a significant effect on
central receptors

CPR 2nd half (6 decks)

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