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MODULE 1 - Overview > HISTOLOGY - Overview > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY - Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main type of staining used for histological samples?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

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2
Q

List the four layers of tissue that are identified in histological samples

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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3
Q

What are the functions of epithelium?

A

Forms a barrier between the internal and external environments
Mechanical protection
Absorption and secretion

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4
Q

What is the function of junctional complexes between adjacent epithelial cells?

A

To determine what can or can’t pass through the adjacent epithelial cells

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5
Q

Describe the function of occluding (tight) junctions

A

Prevent the diffusion of molecules between the adjacent epithelial cells

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6
Q

Describe the function of anchoring (adhering) junctions

A

Adhere adjacent epithelial cells together to provide mechanical strength

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7
Q

Give two examples of anchoring (adhering) junctions

A

Demosomes
Hemi-demosomes

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8
Q

Describe the function of communicating (gap) junctions

A

Allow direct movement of molecules between adjacent cells

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9
Q

List and describe the different types of epithelial cell layers

A

Simple: one epithelial cell layer
Stratified: more than one epithelial cell layer

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10
Q

List the different shapes of epithelial cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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11
Q

Which surfaces are squamous epithelial cells functionally suited to?

A

Squamous epithelial cells are functionally suited to surfaces where mechanical protection isn’t required

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12
Q

Why is simple squamous epithelium functionally suited to lining blood vessels?

A

Simple squamous epithelium is smooth and thus creates low resistance to blood flow

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13
Q

Which surfaces are cuboidal epithelial cells functionally suited to?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells are functionally suited to surfaces with an absorptive/secretory role

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14
Q

Which surfaces are columnar epithelial cells functionally suited to?

A

Columnar epithelial cells are functionally suited to surfaces with an absorptive role

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15
Q

List the different epithelial surface specialisations

A

Keratin
Cilia
Microvilli

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16
Q

Which surfaces are stratified squamous and keratinised squamous epithelial cells functionally suited to?

A

Stratified squamous and keratinised squamous epithelial cells are functionally suited to surfaces that require a high degree of mechanical protection

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17
Q

Which surfaces are stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells functionally suited to?

A

Stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells are functionally associated with the ducts of exocrine glandular epithelium

18
Q

Where in the body is transitional epithelium/urothelium located?

A

The urinary system

19
Q

Which surfaces are transitional epithelium/urothelium cells functionally suited to?

A

Transitional epithelium/urothelium cells are functionally suites to surfaces that are required to stretch

20
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium

A

Stratified epithelial cells with no distinct layer as the cells are still in contact with the epithelial membrane

21
Q

Give an example of singular secretory cells associated with the surface epithelium

A

Goblet cells

22
Q

What are the two types of secretory cell groups embedded in the underlying connective tissue of the epithelium?

A

Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands

23
Q

What are the main functional differences between the exocrine and endocrine glands?

A
  • Exocrine glands secrete mucus or serous secretions onto the surface of the epithelium via ducts
  • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
24
Q

What are the histological differences between the exocrine serous and mucus secretions?

A

Mucus: stains pale
Serous: stains dark

25
Q

List the three different types of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue (regular or irregular)
Adipose tissue

26
Q

List the main components of connective tissue

A

Ground substance
Protein fibres
Resident cells
Transient cells

27
Q

List the different protein fibres that can be found in connective tissue

A

Elastin fibres
Collagen fibres
Reticular fibres

28
Q

List the different resident cell types that can be found in connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts
Firbocytes
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Mesenchymal stem cells

29
Q

What is the function of fibroblast cells found in the connective tissue?

A

The production of protein fibres and ground substance

30
Q

List the different transient cells types that can be found in the connective tissue

A

Plasma B-lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes

31
Q

What is the main structural difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

A
  • Loose connective tissue has more cells than protein fibres
  • Dense connective tissue has more fibres than cells
32
Q

What is the main structural difference between regular and irregular dense connective tissue?

A
  • The protein fibres of regular dense connective tissue are arranged in an alignment
  • The protein fibres of irregular dense connective tissue are arranged randomly
33
Q

What is the main cell type found in adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes

34
Q

What are the different functions of white fat and brown fat?

A

White fat: energy storage
Brown fat: heat production

35
Q

List the different muscle types

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

36
Q

Describe the appearance of skeletal muscle on a longitudinal histological sample

A

Striated
Peripheral nuclei
Multinucleated fibres
Long fibres
Very little connective tissue between the fibres

37
Q

Describe the appearance of skeletal muscle on a transverse histological sample

A

Peripheral nuclei
Multinucleated fibres
Very little connective tissue between the fibres
Myofibrils present in the cytoplasm

38
Q

Describe the appearance of cardiac muscle on a longitudinal histological sample

A

Striated
Central nucleus
Short, branched fibres
Lots of connective tissue between the fibres
Intercalated discs

39
Q

Describe the appearance of cardiac muscle on a transverse histological sample

A

Central nucleus
Lots of connective tissue between the fibres

40
Q

Describe the appearance of smooth muscle on a longitudinal histological sample

A

Non-striated
Central nucleus
Short spindle shaped fibres
Limited connective tissue between the fibres

41
Q

Describe the appearance of smooth muscle on a transverse histological sample

A

Only a few fibres with a central nucleus due to the spindle shape of the fibres

MODULE 1 - Overview (13 decks)

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