Histology of tissues in vertebrate organs

Question 1

What is histology?

Answer 1

histology is the microscopic study of plant and animal tissues, the cells that the tissues are composed of (cytology) and study of organs built by the tissues (organology)

In greek, histos means tissues and logia means the study of

Question 2

What are the four principal groups of tissues?`

Answer 2

1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nerve

some people make a 5th grouping if you separate the fluids of animals, blood and lymph, from solid tissues. But most consider blood and lymph to be a special type of connective tissue.

Question 3

What is a tissue

Answer 3

An integrated group of cells with common structure and function

Question 4

What is epithelial tissue composed of?

Answer 4

Sheets of tightly packed cells with little intercellular substance between them

Question 5

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

Protects organisms from fluid loss, infection and mechanical injury

Question 6

Where can we find epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

In the coverings of our body (skin) and the lining of organs and body cavities (lungs, stomach, intestines, and blood vessels)

Question 7

What is simple epithelium?

Answer 7

epithelial tissue that is composed of a single layer of cells

Question 8

What is stratified epithelium?

Answer 8

epithelial tissue that is composed of multiple tiers of cells

Question 9

Is the shape of epithelial cells in the tissue uniform or does it vary?

Answer 9

It depends on the layer or position

Question 10

What different kinds of shapes can the epithelial cells take? (3)

Answer 10

squamous - flat disc shaped

cuboid - cube shaped

columnar cells - shaped like masonry bricks

Question 11

What is glandular epithelia?

Answer 11

Epithelia that line organs, such as those in the digestive tract, that may absorb and secrete chemical solutions in addition to protecting the organs.

Question 12

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 12

primarily serves to support parts of the body and hold them together

Question 13

How are the cells spaced in connective tissue? How is this different from epithelial tissue?

Answer 13

The cells of connective tissue are widely spaced within an extracellular matrix of fibers

this is different from epithelial tissue because they are tightly packed with little inter(between)cellular substance between them

Question 14

How are connective tissues classified

Answer 14

Based on the shape and appearance of the cells. As well as the nature and composition of the matrix.

Question 14

What is the most widespread type of connective tissue in the vertebrate body?

Answer 14

loose connective (areolar) tissue

Question 15

What do fibers within their respective fluid matrixes do?

Answer 15

They bind epithelial tissue to underlying structures and hold organs in plance

Question 16

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Answer 16

Has a similar function to fibers (binding epithelial tissue to underlying structures and holding organs in place)

Also, stores fat molecules in the form of droplets

Question 17

What comprises fibrous connective tissue (what is it and how are they arranged)? What is special about these collagen fibers?

Answer 17

Fibrous connective tissue contains densely packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles

This structure maximizes the nonelastic properties and strength of tendons and ligaments

Question 18

What is chondroitin sulfate? Where is it found? What else is in collagen?

Answer 18

Chondroitin sulfate is a protein-carbohydrate complex

It is found in collagen

Collagen also contains collagen fibers (and chondroitin sulfate) within its rubbery matrix

Question 19

How does some cartilage become calcified?

Answer 19

Through the actions of bone-forming cells called osteoblasts

Question 20

What is hydroxyapatite

Answer 20

It is the product when calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions interact with the collagen matrix

Question 21

Is blood a connective tissue?

Answer 21

yeah, but the matrix is fluid rather than fibrous

Question 22

What are muscle tissue made of? (shape of cells and their name)

Answer 22

long cells called muscle fibers

Question 23

What are muscle fibers made of? (what are they and how are they arranged?

Answer 23

muscle fibers are made of parallel bundles of smaller fibers called myofibrils

Question 24

What are myofibrils made of? What is special about these proteins?

Answer 24

Myofibrils have two major proteins: actin and myosin that form an overlapping structure

This overlapping structure is capable of contracting through expenditure of cellular energy

Question 25

What are the three specific types of muscle?

Answer 25

1) cardiac
2) smooth
3) skeletal

Question 26

What is the function of nerve tissue?

Answer 26

they facilitate the transfer of information from one part of the body to another

Question 27

What is ganglia?

Answer 27

When single nerve cells, or neurons, combine in highly complex groups of cells called gangliaaaaa

Question 28

What are dendrites and axons?

Answer 28

The extensions of cell bodies of individual neurons

Question 29

What is the artery’s wall composed of?

Answer 29

elastic and smooth muscle fibers to maintain blood pressure

Question 30

What cell envelops the axons of individual nerve fibers?

Answer 30

a glial cell called a schwann cell, which insulates the axons which speeds up the rate of electrical impulses that travel down the axon

Question 31

What does adipose tissue look like

Answer 31

hollow cells indicate regions of adipose tissue