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Endo Final > Histology of the Pituitary Hypothalamus and Pineal > Flashcards

Histology of the Pituitary Hypothalamus and Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine cells are always very close to _ capillaries.

A

Fenestrated.

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2
Q

What is the difference between Protein hormones and lipid hormone with regards to types of receptors.

A

Protein hormones attach to surface receptor and activate 2nd messengers.
Lipid soluble hormones cross cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.

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3
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Floor of the diencephalon and forms parts of the 3rd ventricle.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

It is the master switchboard that connects the nervous and endocrine systems. It controls endocrine system by sending messages to the pituitary which in turn release hormones to stimulate endocrine glands/cells. It has autonomic, endocrine, and limbic systems roles. Collectively helps maintain homeostasis.

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5
Q

True or Flase: supraoptic and paraventircular nuclei produce both ADH and oxytocin.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Supraoptic nucleus primarily produces which hormone?

A

ADH

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7
Q

Paraventicular nucleus primarily produces which hormone?

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

What are the releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Tyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  2. GnRH
  3. CRH
  4. GHRH
  5. somatostatin
  6. PIH aka dopamine
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9
Q

TRH acts on on the anterior pituitary to stimulate what?

A

Stimulates release of prolactin and thryotropin (AKA TSH)

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10
Q

CRH acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate what?

A

stimulates ACTH release

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11
Q

Somatostatin inhibits release of which two hormones from the anterior pituitary?

A

GH and TSH

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12
Q

dopamine inhibits release of which hormone from the anterior pituitary?

A

inhibits release of prolactin

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13
Q

Prolactin stimulates what and inhibits what?

A

Stimulates lactation and inhibits release of FSH, LH, and GnRH

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14
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the sella turcica within the sphenoid bone, posterior to the optic chiasm.

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15
Q

The pituitary is covered by a dura mater called_.

A

seller diaphragm.

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16
Q

In case of nonfunctional pituitary adenoma, a pituitary tumor greater than 1cm in diameter (macroadenoma) presents with what symptoms?

A

-Compresses optic chiasm –> bitemporal hemianopsia (issue with peripheral vision)

  • Compresses pituitary –> hypopituitarism
  • headache
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17
Q

What is the embryonic origin of anterior pituitary?

A

oral ectoderm - outgroth of roof the mouth

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18
Q

What is the embyonic origin of of posterior pituitary?

A

Neuroectoderm –> outgrowth of the brain

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19
Q

Describe the embryogenesis of anterior pituitary.

A

Oral ectoderm in origin. Evaginates from roof of the mouth and forms ratheke’s pouch and grows cranially. The pouch is pinched off at the base to separate it from the oral cavity.

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20
Q

Describe the embyogenesis of posterior pituitary.

A

Neuroectoderm in origin. Evaginates from floor of the diencephalon and grows cadually as a stalk and never deteaches from the brain and remains as infundibular stalk.

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21
Q

What is craniopharyngioma?

A

When the stalk of Rathke’s pouch leaves residual tissue during it’s regression. These residual tissue can become tumors called craniopharyngioma.

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22
Q

Craniopharyngioma is usually found below or above the sella turcica?

A

Suprasellar.

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23
Q

What is the most first and common clinical symptom of craniopharyngioma?

A

bitemporal hemianopsia and headache.

24
Q

True or false: Craniopharyngioma is usually associated with headaches, bitemporal hemianopsia, and usually has no problems with hormone production.

A

True

25
Q

The following describes what specific structure: largest portion of the pituitary gland, with glandular epithelial cells arrange in the thick cords and secrete six hormones.

A

Pars distalis

26
Q

What is FSH stimulated by, inhibited by, and what is it’s action?

A

Stimulated by GnRH
Inhibited by: inhibin; feedback by esotrogen
Action: stimualtes ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen produciton in female; stimulates sertoli ells to produce sperm in males.

27
Q

What is LH stimulated by, inhibited by and what is it’s action?

A

Stimulated by: GnRH
Inhibited by: Feedback inhibition by estrogen and progesterone in females and testoterone in males.
Action: trigger ovulation and simulates ovarian produciton of estrogen and progesterone in females; promotes Leydig cells production of testosterone in males.

28
Q

What is Kallman Syndrome?

A

Delayed/absent puberty and anosmia.
Due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, so no LH and FSH to go to the gonads thus normal puberty is halted.
Due to a genetic mutation that prevents gonadotrophic neurons from migrating into the hypothalamus.

29
Q

What stimulates ACTH, what inhibits, and what is it’s effects?

A

Stimulation: CRH
Inhibited by: feedback by glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Effect: stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens.

30
Q

What stimulates TSH, inhibits and what is it’s effects?

A

Stimulated by: TRH
Inhibited by: feedback inhibition by thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Effects: stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 and T4 to control metabolism

31
Q

What stimulates prolactin release?

A
  1. Prolactin-releasing hormone and TRH.

2. decreased PIH; enhanced by estrogen, birth control, breast-feeding and dopamine antagonist drugs

32
Q

What inhibits prolactin

A

PIH and dopamine

33
Q

What are the effects of prolactin?

A

Stimulates milk production and promotes lactation; and inhibits GnRH and thus FSH and LH

34
Q

What stimualtes GH, inhibits, and what is its effect?

A

Stimulated by: GHRH; hypoglycemia, low levels of FA, high blood levels of AA and exercise.

Inhibited by: Somatostatin; feedback by GH and IGF-1; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obsesity, and emotional deprivation

Effects: indirectly stimulate overall growth of bone and soft tissue via production of insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) aka somatomedin.

35
Q

What is pituitary gigantisim?

A

Access of GH. Excess GH can originate from a variety of sources including pituitary GH excess, hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) excess, or rarely, an ectopic source of GH. Said to be due to loss of feedback control of GH. Usually affects children before fusion of epiphyseal plates.

36
Q

What is acromegaly and what is it caused by?

A

Excessive adult production of GH. It is shown by growth of face (prognathism) heads an feet; increase in viscera, overproduction of glucose leading to diabetes. Could be due to loss of feddback control of GH secreting or to GH secrteting tumor in the pituitary.

37
Q

How is acromegaly treated?

A

surgery, radiation, GH reeptor antagonist

38
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

GH retardation resulting in abnormally short adult stature, caused by variety of hereditary and metabolic disorders. Pituitary dwarfism is due to insufficient GH and non-pituitary dwarfism could be due to inadequate nutrition early in life.

39
Q

How does hereditary dwarfism present?

A

Achondroplasia with normal trunk size but short stature limbs and large head.

40
Q

These cells are found in the pars nervosa, and are glial-like cells that appear to support numerous unmeylinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus.

A

Pituicytes

41
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

they are expanded axon terminals, filled with stored neurohypophysis hormones, ADH and oxytocin.

42
Q

ADH via what receptor regulates osmolarity by acting on the distal convulated tubule and collecting duct?

A

V2 receptors.

43
Q

Via what receptor does ADH act as a vasoconstrictor at high doses?

A

V1-receptor

44
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Contract of smooth muscle of uterine contractions during labor and after the contract uterus back down to normal size. Breast myoepithial cells facilitate milk ejection.

45
Q

Describe the blood supply to the pituitary gland.

A

Internal carotid artery – Superior hypophyseal arteries supply median eminence and infundibulum. Inferior hypophyseal arteries supply pars nervosa.

46
Q

Where are primary capillary plexus of the superior hypophyseal artery located?

A

Median eminence

47
Q

Which capillary plexus collects the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones?

A

Primary capillary plexus.

48
Q

Where is the secondary capillary plexus

A

Pars distalis

49
Q

In coming blood from which artery gives rises to the 3rd capillary plexus of the pituitary gland?

A

Inferior pituitary artery

50
Q

The pineal gland is an outpocking from where?

A

Roof of the diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle

51
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Has role in growth, development and regulation of circadian rhythms. But main function is to manufacture melatonin and serotonin.

52
Q

True or False: nerve fibers from the brain connects to the pineal gland?

A

False. There’s no direct nerve connection to the brain. Its regulated by postganglionic sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion.

53
Q

what type of receptors are you likely to find on the pinealocytes?

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

54
Q

What is the function of neuroglial cells of the pineal gland?

A

They are interstitial cells with smaller, dense nuclei that has a role to provide structural support to pinealocytes.

55
Q

Melatonin acts to delay sexual development until puberty by inhibiting what hormones?

A

GnRH and GH

56
Q

Pineal tumors are linked to precocious puberty in which _ is decreased leading to early sexual maturity early

A

melatonin.

Endo Final (14 decks)

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