BRS Flashcards
What organelle does preprohormone synthesis take place in?
ER
in what organelle does a prohormone become a hormone?
Golgi
Amine hormone are derivatives of what AA?
tyrosine
In what two ways are hormone secretion regulated?
- Negative feedback
2. Positive feedback
Hormones can regulate the sensitivity of the target tissue by regulating the _.
number or sensitivity of receptors.
what is the most common method of regulating hormone secretion?
Negative feedback
What is an example of a negative feedback system?
Insulin is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to an increase in blood glucose. In turn, insulin causes an icnrease in glucose uptake into cells that results in the decreased blood glucose concentration. the decrease in blood glucose concentration then decreases further secretion of insulin
What is an example of a positive feedback system?
The surge of LH that occurs just before ovulation is a result of positive feedback of estrogen on the anterior pituitary. LH then acts on the ovaries and causes more secretion of estrogen.
What is an example of a down-regulation of receptors?
In the uterus, progesterone down-regulates its own receptor and the receptor for estrogen.
How does a hormone down regulate it’s receptor?
by decreasing the number or affinity of receptors for itself or for another hormone.
What is an example of up-regulation of receptors?
In the ovary, estrogen up-regulates its own receptors and the receptor for LH.
Describe the series of steps in the adenylate cyclase mechanism of signaling.
- hormone binds to a receptor in the cell membrane.
- GDP is released from the G rpotein and replaced by GTP which activates the G protein. the G protein then activates or inhibits AC. If the G protein is stimulatory (Gs) then AC will be activated. If the G protein is inhibitory (Gi), then it will inhibit AC.
- Activated adenylate cyclase then catalyzes the conversion of the ATP to cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinase A which phosphorylates specific protein producing highly specific physiologic action
- cAMP is degraded to 5-AMP by phosphodiesterase, which is inhibited by caffeine. therefore, phosphodiesterase inhibitors would be expected to augment the physiologic actions of cAMP.
Describe the steps in the IP3 signaling mechanism.
- Hormone binds to a receptor in the cell membrane and via a G protein, activates phospholipase C
- Phospholipase C liberates diacylglycerol and IP3 from membrane lipids.
IP3 mobilizes Ca from the ER. together C and DAG activates protein kinase C which phosphorylates proteins and causes specific physiologic action.
Describe the Ca-Calmodulin signaling mechanism.
- Hormone binds to a receptor in the cell membrane and via a G protein, has two actions: it opens cell membrane Ca channels and it releases Ca from the ER. Together these two actions produce an increase in intracellular Ca.
- Ca binds to calmodulin and Ca calmodulin complex produces physiologic action
Steroid hormone and thyroid hormones acts via a similar signaling mechanism. Describe the signaling pathway.
- Steroid (or thyroid) hormone diffuses across the cell membrane binds to its receptor
- the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and dimerizes
- the hormone-receptor dimers are transcription factors that bind to steroi-responsive elements (SREs) of DNA and initiate DNA transcription
- New messenger RNA is produced, leaves the nucleus, and is translated to synthesize new proteins
- the new proteins that are synthesized have specific physiologic actions. For example, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol induces the synthesis of calbindin D-28K, a Ca binding protein in the intestine, aldosterone induce the synthesis of Na channels in the renal principal cells.
How is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland linked to the hypothalamus?
via the hypothalamic-hypothysial protal system. Hormones from the hypothamus is thus delivered directly to the anterior pituitary. Hypothalamic hormone can then stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormones.
How is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland linked to the hypothalamus?
The nerve cell bodies of posterior pituitary are located in the hypothalamic nuclei. Posterior pituitary hormnes are synthesized in the nerve cell bodies packaged in secretoyr granules and transported down the axons to the posterior pituitary for release into the circulation
List the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.
- GH
- Prolectin
- TSH
- LH
- FSH
- ACTH
Which three anterior pituitary hormones belong to the same glycoprotein family and all have an alpha and beta subunit with the alpha subunit being similar in all three but the beta is different in each and gives the hormones it’s biological activity.
TSH, LH, and FSH
Which hormones are derived from the precursor POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin)?
ACTH, MSH, beta-lipotropins and beta-endorphins
alpha and beta MSH are produced in which lobe of the pituitary (which is rudimentary in adult human)
intermediary lobe
This peptide hormone is homologous with prolactin human placental lactogen, and is most important for normal growth to adult size
GH (somatotropin)
In what conditions is GH secretion increased?
GH is released in pulsatile fashion and secretion is increased by sleep, stress, hormones related to puberty, starvation, exercise, and hypoglycemia.
In what conditions is GH secretion decreased?
Decreased by somatostatin, somatomedin, obesity, hyperglycemia, and pregnancy.