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Histology: Winter Quarter > Histology of the Pancreas & Liver: Week 1 > Flashcards

Histology of the Pancreas & Liver: Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

General details about the pancreas are…

A

Location: lies against posterior abdominal wall; retroperitoneal

Anatomical regions: uncinate process, head, body, tail

Division: septa (CT) subdivides pancreas into lobules; septa contains nerves & vessels

Function: exocrine and endocrine

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2
Q

The exocrine pancreas produces ___ ml of fluid per day, and the fluid contains digestive ____

A

1200, proenzymes

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3
Q

The functional unit of the exocrine pancreas is the___

A

pancreatic acinus

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4
Q

Each pancreatic acinus is formed of __ to __ acinar cells and each acinus usually contains 3-4 ____ cells

A

40 -50
centroacinar
*centroacinar cells are the beginning of the duct system

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5
Q

Features of acinar cell,for example shape etc.

A

Shape: pyrimidal shape

location: sits on basal lamina

cytoplasm: basophilic & apical secretory granules

Basal membrane: receptors for cholecystokinin

abundant in rER, polysomes, mitochondria

Well developed Golgi

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6
Q

Acinar cells are stimulated by …

A

secretin to produce fluid high in HCO3-

cholecystokinin to secrete proenzymes

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7
Q

What type of innervation stimulates both acinar and centroacinar cells?

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

Pancreatic enzymes include…

A
  • pancreatic amylase
  • pancreatic lipase
  • ribonuclease and DNase
  • trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, elastase
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9
Q

Centroacinar cell features

A
  • Squamous to low cuboidal cells
  • have receptors for secretin
  • form the intra-acinar portion of intercalated ducts
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10
Q

Intercalated ducts begin __, and are named based on__ ? What kind of epithelium do they have?

A
  • Begin in acini
  • named for location between acini
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
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11
Q

Interlobular ducts are made up of what kind of epithelium and cells?

A

simple low columnar epithelium, with
enteroendocrine and goblet cells

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12
Q

Main pancreatic duct joins__ __ duct. What kind of epithelium and cells make up this duct?

A
  • joins the common bile duct
  • simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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13
Q

Features of Pancreatic Islets (of Langherhans)…

A
  • ~ 1,000,000 islets per pancreas
  • richly vascularized spherical groupings of ~ 3,000 cells
  • most abundant in the tail region of the pancreas
  • surrounded by and pervaded by reticular fibers
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14
Q

Cells of Pancreatic Islets

A

β - cells: produce insulin and amylin
α - cells: produce glucagon
δ - cells: produce somatostatin
G cells: produce gastrin
PP cells (F cells): produce pancreatic polypeptide

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15
Q

Pancreatic hormone: Insulin…steps of formation

A
  1. produced as pre-proinsulin in RER
  2. converted to proinsulin in RER cisternae
  3. converted to insulin in Golgi, packaged for export
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16
Q

Insulin…why is it released and what does it do?

A

released due to increase in blood glucose

increases cell permeability to glucose; cell uptakes and stores glucose

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17
Q

Pancreatic hormone: Glucagon…why is it released and how is it produced?

A
  • released in response to low blood glucose
  • produced as a prohormone which undergoes proteolytic cleavage
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18
Q

Glucagon acts on ____ to activate what?

A

hepatocytes, glycogenolysis

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19
Q

Glucagon causes what mechanism to help remove glucose?

A

hydrolytic enzymes, released into the bloodstream, break down glucose

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20
Q

Glucagon activates what process in the liver?

A

gluconeogenesis

21
Q

Pancreatic hormone: Somatostain… why is it released?

A

released due to increases in blood glucose, aa’s or
chylomicrons

22
Q

What are the functions of somatostatin/what does somatostatin do?

A
  1. inhibits the release of hormones by α - cells and β –cells
  2. suppresses exocrine secretion of pancreas
  3. reduces motility of smooth muscle in digestive tract & gallbladder (inhibits secretion of digestive hormones)
23
Q

Pancreatic hormone: Gastrin

A

realsed by G cells

24
Q

Gastrin stimulates what 3 functions?

A
  1. gastric release of HCl
  2. gastric motility and emptying
  3. cell division of gastric regenerative cells
25
Pancreatic hormone: pancreatic polypeptide...what is it released by and what does it regulate?
* released by PP cells * helps regulate both endocrine and exocrine secretions of the pancreas
26
Liver: General things to consider
* weighs ~ 1500 g * located in upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity * has both endocrine and exocrine function * site of detoxification of drugs and toxins
27
Glisson's capsule functions in what way in relation to the liver?
is dense irregular CT that covers the liver
28
The hilum of the liver is called ___ and it is where ___, ___,and ___ enter.
Porta hepatis; blood, lymph vessels, bile ducts
29
The primary cell type of the liver is ___ and they form ___
Hepatocytes, lobules
30
What are the 3 types of liver lobules?
1. Classical Liver Lobule (aka Classic Hepatic Lobule) 2. Portal Lobule 3. Portal Acinus (Hepatic Acinus)
31
What are the features of the classic liver lobule?
* central vein forms longitudinal axis * portal areas contain portal v, hepatic a, and bile ductule * hepatocyte cords radiate from center * sinusoids found between hepatocyte cords * blood percolates from portal areas to central vein (moving from outward to inward) * central vv --> sublobular vv --> collecting vv --> hepatic vv **LOBULE HAS HEXAGONAL SHAPE** ## Footnote drains blood from portal vein and hepatic artery to hepatic or central vein
32
What are the features of the portal lobule?
* describes pattern of bile flow to interlobular bile ducts * center of portal lobule is portal area * periphery is imaginary line that connects three central veins **TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE** ## Footnote Drains bile from hepatocytes to bile duct
33
What are the features of the portal acinus lobule?
* based on blood flow from distributing arteries * indicates the order in which hepatocytes degenerate due to toxicity or hypoxia * divided into three zones of decreasing oxygenation **RHOMBOIDAL IN SHAPE** | Zone 3 least oxygenated, Zone 2 , Zone 1 most oxygenated ## Footnote Supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes
34
What are sinusoids and their components?
large-diameter fenestrated vessels, lined by endothelium contains Kupffer cells (macrophage-like phagocytes) has a perisinudoisal space (space of Disse) separates sinusoids from hepatocytes * hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) contain vitamin A and fat droplets ## Footnote Hepatocytes, Space of Disse (perisinusoidal space), and Sinusoid
35
Sinusoids are surrounded by plates of ___?
Hepatocytes
36
Flow of bile (Hepatic ducts)
1. bile canaliculi anastomose with one another 2. canaliculi transition to canals of Hering (also called cholangioles) 3. canals of Hering empty into interlobular bile ducts that merge to form larger ducts 4. these lead to right and left hepatic ducts
37
Hepatocytes are __ in shape and__-__ um (micrometers in diameter)
polygonyl,20-30
38
Hepatocytes have a membrane with the following lateral domains: form bile canaliculi isolated by __ __; also have gap junctions, __ increase surface area for bile secretion and its walls of canaliculi are rich in __ and __.
fasciae occludentes, microvilli, Na+-K+ATPase and adenylate cyclase
39
Hepatocytes have a membrane with the following sinusoid domain: have microvilli projecting into __ __,release __ secretions, and exchange between __ and hepatocyte takes place.
perisinusoidal space (of Disse), endocrine, blood
40
Organelles found in hepatocytes are:
* nucleus: single or double and diploid or polyploid (up to 64 N abundant free ribosomes, RER and Golgi * up to 2,000 mitochondria per cell (more abundant near central v) * abundant endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes * SER, especially rich in zone 3, detoxifies blood * Inclusions – lipid droplets ( mostly VLDL) – glycogen (β particles) located near SER
41
Role of the liver is to...
manufacture bile, 600 to 1200 ml per day
42
Bile is made up of...
H2O, bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments, IgA
43
What are the 2 methods for making bile salts?
– are reabsorbed from lumen of small intestine – or formed de novo in the SER of hepatocytes
44
What are the bile pigments?
– bilirubin: water-soluble, yellow-green, toxic degradation product of hemoglobin – biliverdin, phycobilin, phycobiliprotein, phycoerythrobilin, stercobilin, urobilin ## Footnote slide 43
45
Another funtion of the liver is to metabolize organic substances: Lipids...what are the steps of lipid metabolism in the liver?
– chylomicrons from digestion enter lymphatic system – these reach the liver via hepatic artery – broken into glycerol and fatty acids – fatty acids used to make phospholipids and cholesterol or acetyl CoA – acetyl CoA used to make ketone bodies – hepatocytes manufacture VLDLs – phospholipids, cholesterol, ketone bodies, and VLDLs released into space of Disse, as needed
46
Another funtion of the liver is to metabolize organic substances: Carbohydrates
– maintains normal blood glucose levels by: » taking in and storing glucose as glycogen » glucose reformed by glycogenolysis as needed » gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from other molecules
47
Another funtion of the liver is to metabolize organic substances: Proteins – hepatocytes manufacture ~__% of blood proteins » blood clotting factors » complement proteins » transport proteins » albumins – hepatocytes manufacture __ (except __ __) – hepatocytes manufacture ___ – hepatocytes convert __ to __
~90%, globulins (except gamma globulins), non-essential amino acids, ammonia, urea
48
Other roles of the liver are...vitamin storage of? degradation of?
– vitamin storage: A, D, B12 – degradation of hormones by lysosomal enzymes – degradation of drugs and toxins (in SER or peroxisomes) * methylation * conjugation * oxidation
49
Liver has role of immune funciton...
* release of IgA in bile * Kupffer cells phagocytose foreign particulate matter

Histology: Winter Quarter (3 decks)

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