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Histology: Winter Quarter > Histology of Salivary Glands: Week 1 > Flashcards

Histology of Salivary Glands: Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • protection
  • buffering
  • pellicle formation
  • maintenance of tooth integrity
  • antimicrobial action
  • tissue repair
  • digestion
  • taste
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2
Q

___gland: largest of major salivary glands
associated with facial nerve
duct opens opposite __ molar
innervated by __nerves traveling with CN (Cranial Nerve) __ –>
otic ganglion –> ___ nerve

A

Parotid, 2nd maxillary, parasympathetic , IX, auriculotemporal

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3
Q

___ gland: located in ___ floor of mouth
duct opens into mouth via ___ ___
innervation: parasympathetic nerves running with ___ via chorda
tympani –> lingual nerve –> ____ ganglion –>
postganglionic nn

A

Submandibular, posterior, sublingual caruncle, VII (CN), submandibular

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4
Q

___ gland: smallest of major salivary glands
located in floor of mouth ___to tongue
open into floor of mouth via many small ducts, and at ___ ___
innervation: same as submandibular glands

A

Sublingual, lateral, sublingual
caruncle, VII (CN)

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5
Q

Minor salivary glands are found throughout entire oral mucosa except…?

A

Anterior palate and gingiva

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6
Q

There are ___ minor salivary glands in number and they are mostly ___, however von Ebner’s glands on tongue are pure ___

A

600-1000, mucous, serous

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7
Q

Development of salivary glands

Salivary glands arise from __ and grow into surrounding __and remain connected to __ by cords of epithelial cells. Mesenchymal cells condense around __, branching morphogenesis.

A

oral epithelium, ectomesenchyme, surface epithelium, gland bud

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8
Q

Development of salivary glands

*lumen appears in __ cord and branch cords,
then in __ cord, and then in __ of
main cord
*two layers of cells:
* inner layer differentiates into __
* outer layer differentiates into __,
__ and __

A

distal, proximal, center, secretory cells, myoepithelial cells, capsule, septa

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9
Q

secretory end pieces resembling cluster of grapes (each grape made up of a group of 8-10 cells) and secrete __ __ into common lumen

A

Acini (acinus sing.), primary saliva

acinus means “berry”

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10
Q

Stroma is made up of __ and __

Lobe is made up of __

Parenchyma is made up of __ __

A

septum and capsule
lobules
secretory acini (parenchyma is cluster made up of individual acinus)

*acinus = secretory portion; @ apex of acini are secretory vesicles
*duct = conducting portion

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11
Q

Serous cells produce fluid rich in __ and __

A

proteins, glycoproteins

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12
Q

Serous acini are __; cells are __-shaped, nuclei are __ and __ located, secretory granules are located apically (contain macromolecules).

What organelles are located in the basal part of the cell?

A

spherical, pyramid, spherical, basally

organelles: rER, Golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc., located in
basal part of cell

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13
Q

Membrane modifications of serous cells are:

A

short microvilli
* lateral interdigitations
* basal infolding
* junctional complexes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions
* intercellular canaliculi are finger-like projections of lumen
between adjacent cells – increase lumen surface are

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14
Q

Mucous cells produce __ that are rich in __

A

mucins, glycoproteins

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15
Q

Mucus produced by mucous cells functions by…

A
  1. lubricating and forming a surface barrier
  2. binding and aggregating microorganisms
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16
Q

Mucous cells secretory and end pieces are __, and mucous acini sometimes associate with __ demilunes.

A

tubular, serous

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17
Q

__ part of cell contains large quantities of mucins
* __, __ compressed against basal membrane
* in routine H&E, cells appear empty; special stains
reveal mucous content
* cells joined by junctional complexes
* cells lack intercellular __

A

apical, nucleus, rER compressed, canaliculi

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18
Q

Myoepithelial cells: contractile - similar to smooth muscle, but derived
from __ rather than mesenchyme

A

epithelium

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19
Q

myoepithelial cells surround __ and __ __

A

acini, intercalated ducts

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20
Q

myoepithelial cells are located between __ __ and __ __ or ducts- attached by hemidesmosomes

A

Basal lamina, secretory cells

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21
Q

myoepithelial cells have multiple processes containing actin and myosin,
with __

A

actin, caveolae

22
Q

What’s the role of myoepithelial cells?

A
  • support secretory cells – help expel primary saliva
  • help maintain duct patency (openness; lack of obstruction)
23
Q

Intercalalted ducts…

A
  • receive primary saliva from secretory cells
  • add lysozyme and lactoferrin to saliva
24
Q

Intercalated ducts…

A
  • begin within the acini
  • lined by simple squamous/cuboidal epithelial cells, features: (central nuclei, rER, Golgi, secretory granules, apical microvilli, junctional complexes, desmosomes, gap
    junctions, interdigitating lateral membranes    )
  • surrounded by myoepithelial cells
25
Q

Striated ducts

A
  • receive primary saliva from intercalated ducts
  • form major portion of duct system
26
Q

Striated ducts are made up of columnar cells, their features are…

A

centrally located nucleus, acidophilic cytoplasm
* basal striations = mitochondria + membrane infoldings
* surrounded by basal lamina and capillary plexus
* contain secretory granules, lysosomes, peroxisomes, glycogen
* tight junctions, junctional complexes; no gap junctions

27
Q

Excretory ducts

A

located in CT septa between lobules

28
Q

excretory ducts have what cell type?

A
  • pseudostratified to stratified epithelium, attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
29
Q

Other cells found in excretory ducts

A

tuft cells with long stiff microvilli and apical vesicles –might be receptor cells: associated with nerve endings
* lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells – found in base of duct epithelium

slide 36 for image

30
Q

What are the connective tissue components of salivary glands?

A
  • capsule
  • septa
    * divide gland into lobes and lobules
    * transmit blood vessels, nerves and excretory ducts
  • fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, plasma cells (IgA), adipose cells, some granulocytes and lymphocytes
  • collagen and elastic fibers
31
Q

Nerve supply of salivary glands: parasympathetics

A
  • preganglionics
    • from superior and inferior salivatory nuclei
    • run with VII and IX
32
Q

Nerve supply of salivary glands: parasympathetics

A
  • postganglionics
    • synapse in submandibular or otic ganglion
    • run with lingual or auriculotemporal nerve

slide 39

33
Q

Nerve supply of salivary glands: sympathetics

A
  • follow vessels
  • modulate secretion by controlling blood flow to glands
34
Q

Nerve supply of salivary glands: neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine and norepinephrine
  • substance P and VIP:
    • induce secretion, modulate effects of acetylcholine and norepinephrine, might affect blood flow
  • neuropeptide Y and CGRP
  • regulate blood flow
35
Q

Blood supply of salivary glands

A

*blood is source of fluid and electrolytes
*arterioles -> capillary networks
*blood flow to glands increases during secretion
*increased pressure in capillaries and venules
causes increased production of saliva

36
Q

Acinus type in parotid gland

A
  • said to be pure serous
  • some fat cells present between acini
  • numerous, long intercalated ducts
  • numerous striated ducts
37
Q

Acinus type in submandibular glands

A

*mixed acini, mostly serous
* intercalated and striated ducts less numerous than in parotids

slide 45

38
Q

Acinus type in sublingual gland

A
  • mixed, predominately mucous
  • ducts short and difficult to see

slide 45

39
Q

Acinus type in minor salivary glands

A
  • mostly mucous, short ducts
  • secretions rich in mucins, antibacterial proteins, immunoglobulins

von Ebner’s glands
* located on tongue, associated with circumvallate papillae
* secrete enzymes and proteins thought to play a role in taste
slide 47 & 48

40
Q

How is saliva formed?

A

production & secretion of primary saliva by acinar cells

*primary saliva is isotonic with blood

41
Q

the macromolecular components of 1o saliva are: produced by rER

A
  • chaperone proteins ensure proper folding
  • posttranslational modifications occur in cisternae
  • proteins are transferred to Golgi in vesicles
42
Q

What happens to the macromolecular components of primary saliva after it is produced?

A
  • modified, condensed and packaged by Golgi
  • stored in secretory granules in apical part of cell
  • under stimulus, they fuse with the apical membrane
  • contents are released to the lumen by exocytosis
43
Q

Where do the fluid and elcetrolyte portions of primary saliva come from ?

A

Blood

44
Q

When forming primary saliva what kind of innervation is water secretion regulated by?

A

parasympathetic

45
Q

Saliva is modified by what type of cell and by what mechanisms? What regulates those mechanisms?

A

**Duct cells
**
* transporters cause reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
* K+ and HCO3- are secreted
* regulation of these actions by
* autonomic nerves
* mineralocorticoids

46
Q

Effects of age on saliva glands are…

A
  • loss of salivary gland parenchymal tissue; replaced by adipose tissue
  • reduced saliva production
47
Q

Effect of disease on saliva glands

A

some viruses infect and replicate
within salivary gland cells:
* cytomegalovirus
* Epstein-Barr virus
* herpes viruses 6 & 7
* mumps

some bacterial infections cause
inflammation and swelling of
salivary glands

48
Q

Effect of disease on saliva glands cont’d pt. 1

A

ducts can be obstructed by:
* sialoliths (salivary stones, calculi)
* mucus plugs
* trauma to the ducts

various tumors can affect the glands
* pleomorphic adenoma
* Warthin’s tumor
* etc.

49
Q

Effect of disease on saliva glands cont’d pt. 2

A

other diseases can affect salivary gland function:
* diabetes
* Sjögren syndrome
* rheumatoid arthritis
* adrenal disease
* AIDS

50
Q

Age and disease can drastically effect the salivary glands, which can result in xerostomia…

A

dry mouth
* due to loss of salivary function or reduction of saliva volume

51
Q

xerostomia can be a result (side-effect) of the following:

A
  • medication
  • radiation therapy
  • chemotherapy
  • autoimmune disease
52
Q

Xerostomia results in…

A
  • dryness of mouth
  • loss of protective effects of salivary buffers, proteins and
    mucins
  • oral tissues becoming more susceptible to infections
  • speech, eating and swallowing to become difficult
  • teeth become more susceptible to caries

Histology: Winter Quarter (3 decks)

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