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Unit 3 > Histology of the lymphatic system > Flashcards

Histology of the lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphatic components?

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

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2
Q

What is the function of primary lymphatic components?

A

Produce and mature immune cells that spread into the secondary immune components

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3
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphatic components?

A

Filter body fluids to recognise antigens.
Respond by activation of cells that produce antibodies or use other methods to tackle the immune response, where immune cells do their actual job.
Area where naive lymphocytes transition to activated lymphocytes.

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4
Q

What is the Function of the thymus in the immune response?

A

Mature t-lymphocytes needed for cell mediated immunity.

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5
Q

What is the function of the bone marrow in the immune response?

A

Matures b-lymphocytes needed for humoural immunity.
And produces other types of white blood cells.

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6
Q

What are the secondary components of the lymphatic system?

A

MALT
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Spleen

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7
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

Lymphoid tissue found in the lamina propia of the mucosal layer in organs that open to the external environment such as GI, respiratory, urinary and reproductive system.
Filter fluid percolating through the lamin propia, with the potential to recognise antigens and trigger an immune response.

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8
Q

What is the function of tonsils in the immune system?

A

Are part of the MALT system, the palatine, pharyngeal and lingual tonsils form a ring of lymphatic tissue called Waldeyer’s ring around the entrance to the oral and nasal cavity.
Filter for antigens, may trigger an immune response.

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9
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid samples by MALTS or excess drained from interstitial fluid is drained here, filter lymph, contain t-lymphocytes to respond to any antigens.

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10
Q

What is the function of the spleen in the immune system?

A

Filters blood for antigens.

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11
Q

What is the hierarchy of lymph structures?

A

Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph trunks
Lymphatic ducts.

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12
Q

What area of the heart does the lymphatic system drain into?

A

The right atrium

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13
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels trasnport excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces and return it to the bloodstream
Lacteals located in the small intestine abosrbe digested fats, and add them to venous circulation
Help defend the body against disease causing agents.

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14
Q

What are some features of the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Highly permeable
Epithelial lining made of single endothelial cells
Has anchoring filaments

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15
Q

What is the function of anchoring filaments in the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Helps prevent odema.
When the ECF pressure is very high anchoring filaments help pull apart the endothelial cells of the lymphatic capillaries, this widens the capillaries so more fluid can drain in and become lymph.

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16
Q

What causes lymph to be transported through lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. Contraction of skeletal muscles and bludging of nearby arteries
  2. Contraction on tunica media
  3. normal movement of limbs and trunk
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17
Q

What stimulates natural killer cells?

A

Interferons

18
Q

What type of cells can a t-cell differentiate into?

A

Memory cells
T helper cells
Cytotoxic cells

19
Q

What is the function of the cortex in the lymph node?

A

B cell activation and clonal expansion to produce large numbers of activated B lymphocytes, contains germinal centres within lymphatic follicles.

20
Q

What is the function of the paracortex in the lymph node?

A

T cell activation and clonal expansion.
T cells differentiate

21
Q

What is the function of the medulla in the lymph node?

A

Mature b lymphcoytes produced in the cortex germinal centre migrate through the paracortex, here plasma cells mature and start secreting antibodies.

22
Q

What is the function of high endothelial venules in the lymph node?

A

A portion of vein with a simple cuboidal epithelial lining, allows transport of lymphocytes through the endothelium of the vein into and out of the lymph node.

23
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The passage of white blood cells through the capillary walls, typically accompanied by inflammation.

24
Q

What is the function of the hilum in the lymph node?

A

Where the efferent vessels leaves
Where vasculature passes in and out of the lymph node.

25
Q

What is the capsule of a lymph node?

A

The outer coat of connective tissue, folds into the cortex as trabecula separating the cortex into segments.

26
Q

How can you differentiate beween the medulla and the cortex on an histological image?

A

The cotex is towards the outside of the lymph node.
Cortex contains a higher number of lymphocytes and has germinal centres, so stains a darker purple as more basophilic.

27
Q

What is the function of the subcapsular sinus in the lymph node?
What does it look like on a histological image?

A

Located between the capusle and the cortex.
Recieves lymph, allows lymph to diffuse across into the cortex.
Like a thin white bind with some pink patches running around the inside of the capsule.

28
Q

Describe the basic structure and location of the thymus.

A

Located inferior to the neck
In the superior thorax
Posterior to the sternum
Sits ontop of the pericardium
Consits of two lobes (left and right) each with multiple lobules.

29
Q

What is the function of the thymus?
How does its histology suit this function?

A

Site for the maturation of T-cells
Contains type six epithelial reticular cells called ERCVI
These cells ensure that self recognising t-cells do not survive. T-cells come into contacts with the ERCVI as they migrate from the thymus cortex to the medulla, these epithelial cells contains most self antigens.

30
Q

What is the function of the blood thymus barrier?

A

Seperates the immature lymphocytes in the thymus from mature lymphocytes circulating in the blood.
Also prevents any self antigens in the blood from entering the thymus and reacting with the self lymphocytes that have not yet been killed causing an autoimmune response.

31
Q

What is the blood thymus barrier made of?

A

1)capillary endothelium and its basal lamina layer,
2)perivascular connective tissue occupied by macrophages
3)Type 1 epithelial reticular cells and their basal lamina

32
Q

What is Digeorge syndrome Catch22?

A

Congenital failure of the thymus to develop,
patients die at an early age from infection as T-lymphcoytes do not develop
Congential heart disease
Abnormal face
Thymic aplasia or hypoplasia
Cleft palate
Microdeletion of chromosome 22.

33
Q

Describe the location of the spleen.

A

Left upper quadrant
Inferior to the diaphragm
In the area of rib IX to rib X
Posterior to the stomach.

34
Q

What are splenic sinuses and splenic cords?

A

Splenic cords are areas of fibrils and connective tissue that contain a large number of macrophages and monocytes
Splenic sinuses are areas between the connective tissue, fill with blood so have a large number of erythorcytes.

35
Q

What is the proportion of red pulp to white pulp in the spleen?

A

Red pulp = 80%
white pulp = 20%

36
Q

What is the main difference between the lymph nodes and the spleen in their immune function?

A

Spleen receives antigens from blood
Lymph nodes receive antigens from lymph.

37
Q

What are penicillar arteries?

A

Small arteries of the spleen.
Open directly into splenic cords, to exposure blood to macrophages before it enters the sinuses.

38
Q

How can the red and the white pulp of the spleen be distinguished on a histological image?

A

White pulp stains a darker purple as it contains a higher concentration of basophilic lymphocytes
The red pulp is a lighter dense pink/purple.

39
Q

Describe the structure of splenic follicles/nodules?

A

Contains a central arteriole and associated PALS, this is pushed to the side into the marginal zone.
The germinal centre is eosinophilic and contains mature b cells.
Then is the mantle zone containing highly dense b cells and macrophages, waiting to be activated.
Then is the marginal zone consisting of less dense b lymphocytes and macrophages.

40
Q

Describe the histological structure of the tonsils?

A

Startified squamous epithelium folded into crypts (white spaces)
Lymphatic follicles beneath the epithelium (line line pattern - compared to the circular ring in lymph nodes)

41
Q

What histological layer are the tonsils found in?

A

The lamina propia.

42
Q

What is diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

The only type of lymphoid tissue not surrounded by a capsule.

Unit 3 (18 decks)

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