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NUTI 205 - Histology > Histology of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Histology of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Starting and ending point of the alimentary canal

A

Oral cavity to anal canal

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2
Q

Why do food move slower in stomach and intestine compared to pharynx and esophagus?

A

To give the stomach and intestine and the secretions enough time to digest and absorb (intestine) the food

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3
Q

Which layer of the alimentary canal allows differentiation among different segments of the canal?

A

Mucosa. It changes according to the function of the segment.

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary mucosa (canal) ?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Tunica Muscular, Adventitia/Serosa

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5
Q

What are the layers of mucosa?

A

Epithelium, Lamina Propia, Muscularis Mucosa

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6
Q

What are the layers of mucosa?

A

Epithelium, Lamina Propia, Muscularis Mucosa

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7
Q

What is the name of the neuronal system found in the submucosa layer?

A

Meissner’s plexus

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8
Q

What is the name of the neuronal system found in the muscularis layer?

A

Auerbach plexus

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9
Q

Name of the tissue that allows immunological protection along the alimentary canal

A

GALT: Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue

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10
Q

General name for nearby supporting structures around a teeth

A

Periodontium

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11
Q

Two areas / spaces in the oral cavity

A

Vestibule and oral cavity proper

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12
Q

Borders of the vestibule

A

Between checks and teeth

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13
Q

Borders of the oral cavity proper

A

Palates, tongue, entrance to esophagus, teeth

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14
Q

Three types of oral mucosa

A

Masticatory mucosa
Lining mucosa
Specialized mucosa

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15
Q

Masticatory mucosa found in

A

On the gingiva (gums) and the hard palate

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16
Q

What type of epithelium does masticatory mucosa have?

A

Keratinized/Para-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

How is the underlying lamina propia of masticatory mucosa?

A

Thick papillary layer for immobilization

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18
Q

Lining mucosa is found in

A

Lips, cheeks, soft palate, floor of the mouth, inferior surface of tongue

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19
Q

What type of epithelium does lining mucosa have?

A

Mostly non-keratinized epithelium

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20
Q

The lining mucosa at a specific region is keratinized. What is this structure?

A

Vermilion border of the lips.

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21
Q

Why are the lips red?

A

Thinner epidermis
Light keratinization
Transparent to reflection of microvasculature.
(Öpücük :)

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22
Q

At a human lip section, do we expect hair follicles?

A

No!

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23
Q

Features of distinct submucosa of lining mucosa

A

Large bands of collagen and elastic fibers
Many minor salivary glands

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24
Q

Specialized mucosa is found in

A

Dorsal (superior) surface of the tongue

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25
Q

(Detail question) On a human lip section, it is observed that there are some papillary projections towards the surface/epithelium. What is the name of these finger-like projections?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle.
Bu structure lip section distinguish etmek için önemli! + High vascularization

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26
Q

What type of epithelium does specialized mucosa have?

A

It consists of taste buds and papillae

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27
Q

Only muscle with bundles running at three different planes:

A

Tongue

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28
Q

What is the importance of tongue having muscle bundles running at three different planes?

A

Enormous flexibility and precision in tongue movements during speech, swallowing and digestion

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29
Q

Name of the structure dividing tongue to 2/3 anterior and 1/3 posterior.

A

Sulcus Terminalis
(V shaped depression)

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30
Q

The apex of the sulcus terminalis

A

Foramen cecum

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31
Q

What is foramen cecum?

A

Remnant site from embryonic pharynx to form thyroid gland

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32
Q

Bartu’nun 5 ve 6. sınıfta beden eğitimi dersi için seçtiği spor nedir?

A

Badminton!

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33
Q

At what region of the lip are papillae found?

A

Anterior 2/3.

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34
Q

Is it correct to say that papillae are projections of the mucosa?

A

Yes. Papillae and their taste bud actually forms the specialized mucosa.

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35
Q

We said that lining mucosa is formed by papillae and taste buds. What are the four types of papillae?

A

Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate or vallate

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36
Q

This papilla’s tip looks backwards.

A

Filiform papillae

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37
Q

Which papillae has no taste bud; therefore, only have mechanical action?

A

Filiform papillae

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38
Q

Papillae that is found anterior to sulcus terminalis

A

Circumvallate papille

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39
Q

Most abundant papillae

A

Filiform papillae

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40
Q

This papillae is not found or rarely found in humans

A

Foliate papillae

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41
Q

Conical shaped papillae

A

Filiform papillae

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42
Q

This papillae is abundant near the tip of the tongue

A

Fungiform papillae

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43
Q

Human tongue has 8-12 of this papillae

A

Circumvallate papillae

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44
Q

Complete the sentence:
Ducts of lingual salivary glands or _____ (other name of lingual salivary glands) empty into the base of _____ papillae in order to ____

A

Ducts of lingual salivary glands or von Ebner glands empty into the base of circumvallate papillae in order to flush the area and enable the taste buds for other tastes.

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45
Q

Table shaped papillae with parallel low ridges separated by deep mucosal clefts.

A

Foliate papillae

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46
Q

This papillae are among filiform papillae. Also they are numerous at the tip.

A

Fungiform papillae

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47
Q

Which papillae is the biggest in size?

A

Circumvallate papillae

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48
Q

If I were to show you a section of a papillae with lots of serous glands, which duct would be it most probably

A

Circumvallate papillae

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49
Q

Are there papillae the ventral surface of the tongue?

A

No.

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50
Q

What do you expect to see on ventral surface of the tongue.

A

Bundles of striated muscle tissue covered by epithelium

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51
Q

Although lining mucosa is covered by non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium a specific structure here is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Which structure is this?

A

Filiform papillae

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52
Q

Appearance under light microscope of taste buds.

A

Oval-pale staining bodies.

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53
Q

A small opening at the apex of the taste bud

A

Taste pore

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54
Q

Three principle cell types within taste buds

A

Neuroepithelial (sensory/gustatory)
Supporting cells
Basal cells

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55
Q

Do neuroepithelial cells convey action potential?

A

No! They are not neuron cells. They induce action potential within their corresponding afferent neurons.

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56
Q

Neuroepithelial cells synapse the processes of afferent sensory neurons of the ___,___,___ nerves.

A

Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus.

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57
Q

Fun fact: Bartu akustik gitar, bateri ve elektro gitar çalmayı denemiştir.

A

Ve hiçbirinde (henüz) başarılı olamamıştır.

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58
Q

Property of supporting cells

A

They don’t synapse with the nerve cells
Have microvilli

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59
Q

Property of basal cells

A

Stem cell for both neuroepithelial cells and supporting cells

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60
Q

Receptor type for bitter taste. Also, which other taste types have this type of receptor?

A

G-protein coupled taste receptors.
Bitter, sweet and umami.

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61
Q

Sour and salty tastes’ receptor type

A

Ion channel

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62
Q

Which ion creates salty taste?

A

Cations mostly Na+

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63
Q

Which ion creates sour taste?

A

H+ (acidic)

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64
Q

Simply, which papillae would take the bitter and umami taste?

A

Circumvallate. This because umami and bitter tastes are received at the posterior side of the dorsal surface of the tongue. There is actually circumvallate papillae just in front of sulcus terminalis.

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65
Q

Şu an dinlediğim sanatçı: Mac Demarco.

A

Ve senle zoom yapıyoruz. Love it!

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66
Q

Tooth are embedded into

A

Alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible

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67
Q

Other name for milk/primary teeth

A

Deciduous teeth

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68
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisor, canine, premolar, molar

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69
Q

This type of teeth have 2-3 roots while others have 1

A

Molar

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70
Q

Three specialized teeth tissues

A

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum

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71
Q

Structure of the tooth: Area over the level of gingiva (gum)

A

Crown

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72
Q

Structure of the tooth: Gingiva region

A

Neck

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73
Q

Below gingiva

A

Root

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74
Q

This tissue covers the crown

A

Enamel

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75
Q

Enamel is formed by which chemical compound

A

Calcium hydroxyapetite

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76
Q

Enamel is the hardest structure of the body. True or False

A

True

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77
Q

Is enamel cellular ?

A

No it is acellular mineralized tissue

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78
Q

Enamel is derived from which type of cells?

A

Epithelial cells, Ameloblasts.

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79
Q

Bone is also derived from epithelial cells. True or False

A

No! Osteoblasts are mesodermal cells.

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80
Q

Enamel is composed of this structures arranged parallel to each other.

A

Enamel rods

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81
Q

Striations observed on enamel rods’ conjunction

A

Lines of Retzius (might be related to rhythmic growth of developing tooth)

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82
Q

The structural term “Crown” is different in clinics and anatomy. Please define it for both fields.

A

Clinical crown: Enamel visible above the gum line.
Anatomical crown: All of the tooth covered by enamel, some being under the gum.

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83
Q

Ameloblasts belong to this organ-like structure

A

Enamel organ

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84
Q

Ameloblasts are located superiorly to enamel. True or False

A

True!

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85
Q

If ameloblasts are located superiorly to enamel, why don’t Bartu see cells on his tooth when he looks in the mirror?

A

After the eruption of a teeth, the teeth loses its cells and cell processes. That is why ameloblasts are only observed in non-erupted tooth.

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86
Q

If ameloblasts stop supporting the enamel after eruption of the teeth, how can enamel protect/nourish itself?

A

Salivary content influences the enamel so enamel is not a static tissue after eruption of a teeth.

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87
Q

Long, polarized cell with lots of mitochondria and well developed R.ER

A

Ameloblast

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88
Q

At the ameloblast process, the apical extension contains ____ of proteins for the enamel matrix.

A

Numerous secretory granules

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89
Q

(Detailed question) What is the other name for ameloblast process at the apical extension

A

Tomes’ process

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90
Q

These cells are derived from neural crest cells

A

Odontoblasts

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91
Q

List the name of the elements (cells and layers) of the crown region of tooth from external to internal.

A

Ameloblast
Enamel
Dentin
Odontoblast
Pulp cavity

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92
Q

How can enamel decay?

A

Due to decalcification caused by acid and acid producing bacteria. This causes dental caries.

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93
Q

Most abundant dental tissue

A

Dentin

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94
Q

Dentin is covered by ___ at the tip, and covered by ___ at lower end.

A

At the tip (superiorly) enamel.
At the lower end (inferiorly) cementum.

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95
Q

Dentin supports these two tissues

A

Enamel and cementum

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96
Q

Which element prevents dental caries or enamel decalcification

A

Flouride

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97
Q

Why pregnant should not use medical drugs affecting baby’s dental growth?

A

Because after tooth eruption there is no ameloblast present. If ameloblasts are affected, enamel formation would be disrupted.

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98
Q

Seni

A

Seviyorum.
(Olur da başka biri bu desteyi çalışıyorsa: Bu kart Bartu’dan Elif’e yazıldı hadi yallah)

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99
Q

This matrix is produced by odontoblasts

A

Dentin

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100
Q

Newly formed dentin

A

Predentin

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101
Q

Predentin layer is closer to odontoblast (True or False)

A

True

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102
Q

Processes embedded within dentin

A

Dentinal tubules

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103
Q

Dentinal tubules are found in which surface of the odontoblast

A

Apical surface

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104
Q

Predentin is mineralized (True or False)

A

False.It is yet to be mineralized.

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105
Q

Unlike a section from an erupted tooth, a ___ is observed on section from unerupted tooth

A

Ameloblasts

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106
Q

The central pulp cavity of a tooth is filled by

A

Dental pulp

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107
Q

Dental pulp contains

A

Vessels and Nerves

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108
Q

Vessels and nerves enter to dental pulp through

A

Apical foramen at root

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109
Q

Root canal treatment is performed just around apical foramen where the vessels and nerves enter (True or False)

A

True.

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110
Q

This tissue covers the root of the tooth

A

Cementum

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111
Q

Cementum is produced by

A

Cementoblasts

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112
Q

Cementoblasts resemble to which cell type

A

Osteoblasts

113
Q

Difference of bone and cementum tissues

A

Cementum is avascular (bone is vascular)
In cementum, canaliculi don’t form an interconnecting network

114
Q

Similarities of bone and cementum tissued

A

Both are mineralized
Both have lacunae and canaliculi

115
Q

Near the cementum, this structure supports and fixes the teeth to alveolar process

A

Periodontal ligament

116
Q

Periodontal ligament contains

A

Collagen fibers that embed the tooth to socket (like Sharpey’s fibers)
Elastic fibers allowing slight movement of tooth (allows orthodontic procedures)

117
Q

All the tissued involved in attachment of tooth into the bones

A

Periodontium

118
Q

Periodontal diseases may lead to

A

Loss of teeth ;(

119
Q

Part of the oral mucosa around the neck next to crown. Firmly attached to teeth’s underlying bony tissue

A

Gingiva (gum)

120
Q

Plexus found in submucosa layer

A

Meissner’s mucosa

121
Q

Muscular layer’s layers and the name of plexus

A

Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus in between these layers

122
Q

Function of muscularis mucosa

A

Smooth muscles allow movement of mucosa

123
Q

What type of epithelium is serosa? Also what is the other name for this tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelium
= Mesothelium

124
Q

Other name for pyloric sphincter

A

Gastroduodenal sphincter

125
Q

Gastroduodenal sphincter function

A

Controls release of chyme

126
Q

Ileocecal valve function

A

Prevents reflux of high bacterial content of cecum to ileum

127
Q

Type of epithelium found in esophagus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

128
Q

Type of epithelium found in most of the gastrointestinal tract and the structure helping the mucosa to serve as a selective permeable barrier.

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Tight Junctions

129
Q

In which layer of the alimentary canal does GALT reside?

A

Lamina propia of the mucosa.

130
Q

Three principle functions of the mucosa

A

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

131
Q

What are the advantages of mucus secretion?

A

Protective lubrication
Buffering of the tract lining (pH)
Antibodies are secreted from lamina proper to mucosal surface

132
Q

Antibodies are produced by this type of cell

A

Plasma cell

133
Q

Invaginations of the lumen epithelium

A

Glands

134
Q

Submucosal glands empty their secretions to

A

Luminal surface

135
Q

Mucosal glands extend into

A

Lamina propia

136
Q

Mucosal glands are mostly found in this organ

A

Stomach

137
Q

Meaning of extramural glands and how do they deliver their secretions?

A

Outside the digestive tract.
Deliver secretions via ducts through intestinal wall to lumen

138
Q

Circumferential submucosal folds along small intestine

A

Plicae circulares

139
Q

Principle site of absorption

A

Villi

140
Q

This structure forms brush border

A

Microvilli

141
Q

Deepest portion of submucosa

A

Muscularis Mucosa

142
Q

ENS is found in the submucosa (True or False)

A

True. Meissner’s plexus!

143
Q

ENS can function independently of CNS (True or False)

A

True

144
Q

Longitudinal muscles allow ____ movement while circular muscle layer allows _____

A

Longitudinal–> Propelling (peristalsis)
Circular –> Mixing

145
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter other name

A

Pharyngoesophageal sphincter

146
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter has what type of muscle

A

Striated

147
Q

At this lower GI tract portion, striated muscle is found

A

External anal sphincter

148
Q

What is special with stomach’s muscle layers?

A

It has a third oblique layer (most inner)

149
Q

Three distinct equally spaced longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle at colon

A

Teniae coli

150
Q

Name the sphincters and valves from proximal to oral cavity to distal

A

UES
LES
Pyoric (Gastroduodenal) sphincter
Ileocecal Valve
Internal anal sphincter

151
Q

Function of UES

A

Prevents entry of air into the esophagus

152
Q

Function of LES

A

Prevents reflux of gastric content to esophagus

153
Q

Relaxation of LES might cause which disease?

A

Esophagitis due to acidic content

154
Q

Function of pyloric function

A

Control the release of chyme to duodenum

155
Q

Function of ileocecal valve

A

Prevents the reflux of colon content with its high bacterial count.

156
Q

Function of internal anal sphincter

A

Prevents passage of feces from rectum to anal canal

157
Q

Serosa holds large vessels and nerve trunks (True or False)

A

True.

158
Q

Bartu ne demektir?

A

Varlık, servet, mesafe.

159
Q

What is the most external layer of esophagus, adventitia or serosa?

A

From beginning to the esophageal opening to diaphragm, esophagus is covered by adventitia. In the abdominal cavity it is covered by serosa.

160
Q

Name of the content passing through pharynx and esophagus. (Content before chyme)

A

Bolus

161
Q

Normally the lumen of esophagus is collapsed. (True or False)

A

True. It expands as bolus passes.

162
Q

Muscularis mucosa at the proximal end of the esophagus is thick due to

A

Aid in swallowing

163
Q

Esophagus has submucosal glands. Near the stomach portion, these glands can be named as ___

A

Cardiac glands

164
Q

Type of muscle in muscularis external of esophagus

A

First 1/3 striated
Middle 1/3 mixed
Last 1/3 smooth

165
Q

Esophagus is innervated by

A

Vagus

166
Q

Esophagus is attached to near by structures through thoracic cavity by

A

Adventitia

167
Q

Esophageal gland types

A

Esophageal glands proper
Esophageal cardiac glands

168
Q

Esophageal glands proper found in

A

Upper portion of esophagus

169
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands are found in

A

The lamina proper of the terminal part of the mucus

170
Q

Function of esophageal cardiac glands

A

Produce neutral mucus to buffer regurgitated gastric content

171
Q

Epithelial invaginations are prone to ____; therefore, _____ are mostly found near the submucosal glands

A

Epithelial invaginations are prone to ____; therefore, diffuse lymphatic nodules are mostly found near the submucosal glands

172
Q

Name of the content in stomach

A

Chyme

173
Q

According to histology, portions of stomach are

A

Cardia
Fundus
Pyloris

174
Q

Stomach glands are found in this layer

A

Mucosa

175
Q

The inner oblique layer is located in this layer

A

Muscularis externa

176
Q

Serosa’s attachment to both parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

A

Greater momentum and lesser omentum

177
Q

Juction of esophagus and stomach

A

Esophagogastric junction

178
Q

Longitudinal folds in the inner surface of stomach and its function

A

Rugae. Allows expansion

179
Q

Numerous openings in the inner mucosal surface of stomach

A

Gastric pits or gastric foveola

180
Q

Gastric glands open into the ____ of the gastric pits.

A

bottom

181
Q

This type of gland is also called gastric gland due to it containing all cell types

A

Fundic gland (body)

182
Q

Bartu’nun ilk bitirdiği puzzle’ın üzerinde neler vardır?

A

Okyanusun içindeki canlılar (ana bir parçayı kaybetmiştik yine de çerçeveletmiştik.

183
Q

Gastric pits lead to long, branched, tubular glands having these type of cells:

A

Surface mucus (actually at pit, not gland)
Mucus neck
Parietal
Chief
Enteroendocrine

184
Q

Which gland do you expect to see in esophagogastric junction

A

Cardiac glands

185
Q

This cells line the inner surface of the opening of the gastric pit

A

Surface mucous cells

186
Q

Surface mucous cells are ____ type of epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium

187
Q

On the apical surface of the Surface mucous cells a clear area of ____ observed

A

Large, apical cup of mucinogen granules

188
Q

Apical cup of mucinogen is stained ____ in LM

A

Clear/empty. It requires toluidine blue or PAS

189
Q

Features of the mucous secreted by Surface mucous cells

A

Thick, viscous, gel-like and cloudy

190
Q

Content of mucous of surface mucous cells

A

High bicarbontate, potassium, prostaglandin

191
Q

Function of bicarbonate and potassium

A

They make mucus alkaline. Protects the stomach against gastric juice.

192
Q

Function of prostaglandin and type of prostaglandin

A

PGE2. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate and increase thickness of mucosa. Alos cause vasodilation to allow nutrients to go to damaged areas.

193
Q

Why surface mucous and neck mucous are stained differently?

A

Due to different content

194
Q

What type of substances can be absorbed by stomach (passed through the epithelium)?
Also how?

A

Alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDs
They directly damage the surface epithelium. Also they suppress prostaglandin secretion.

195
Q

Do stomach normally have absorptive function?

A

No.

196
Q

What type of cells reside at the isthmus of gastric glands?

A

Stem cells

197
Q

If stem cell of the gastric gland migrates downwards its fate is

A

Other cells of fundic epithelium

198
Q

If stem cell of the gastric gland migrates upwards its fate is

A

Mucous surface cell

199
Q

Other name for parietal cell

A

Oxynthic cell

200
Q

Location of parietal cells within gastric gland

A

At the neck region also at deeper parts among chief cells

201
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

202
Q

Appearance of parietal cells

A

Large triangular cell, eosinophilic cytoplasm. Hast extensive intercellular canaliculi system. Also has tubulovesicular membrane system. Numerous mitochondria

203
Q

What gives eosinophilic appearance of parietal cells?

A

Numerous mitochondria required for pumping H+ and Cl-

204
Q

HCl is produced where in the parietal cells?

A

Lumen of the canalicular system

205
Q

Membranes of the tubulovesicular system serve as a

A

Reservoir of plasma membrane containing active proton pumps

206
Q

At resting cell size of tubulovesicular system is

A

reduced

207
Q

Three types of membrane receptors for activation of HCl secretion

A

Gastrin
Histamine
Muscarinic

208
Q

State the steps after substrate (gastrin) binding to its receptor in parietal cell. Now state the enzyme required for H+ production.

A

H+ produced in parietal cell by carbonic anhydrase.
H+ transported to canaliculi lumen by proton pumps.
K and Cl transported by uniporter channels

209
Q

Chief cells other name

A

Zymogenic cells

210
Q

Chief cells located at what region of fundic glands

A

Deeper parts

211
Q

How do Chief cells stained?

A

Basophilic due to abundant r.er

212
Q

Since apical cytoplasm contains secretory vesicle it is stained

A

Eosinophilic

213
Q

Chief cells secrete these

A

Pepsinogen and a weak lipase

214
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin

A

HCl in the gastric juice

215
Q

Mucous neck cells difference than surface mucous cells

A

They are located at the neck portion
Shorter than surface mucous cells
Mucuos secreted by neck cells are soluble, not cloudy
Neck cells don’t have mucous cup

216
Q

Gastroenteroendocrine cells secrete hormones onto

A

Blood vessels and lamina propia

217
Q

Closed Gastroenteroendocrine cell means

A

It don’t reach to the lumen of gland

218
Q

Open Gastroenteroendocrine cell means

A

It reach to the lumen of gland with its microvilli, serving as chemoreceptors to release hormones

219
Q

Other names for enteroendocrine cells

A

Enterochromaffin
Argentaffin
Argyrophil due to treatment with chromium and silver salts

220
Q

Gastroenteroendocrine cells are a member of this system

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

221
Q

Gastroenteroendocrine cells can process this type of compounds

A

Amines classified as referred as amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells

222
Q

Content of gastric juice

A

HCl
Pepsin
Mucus
Intrinsic Factor

223
Q

This organism can live in gastric juice

A

Helicobacter pylori

224
Q

Helicobacter pylori contains ____ allowing it to ____

A

urease to produce ammonia cloud allowing it to survive in gastric juice

225
Q

Pepsin function

A

Digests peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

226
Q

Intrinsic factor functions

A

Binds to vitamin b12 for its absorption

227
Q

Intrinsic factor deficiency can lead to

A

Pernicious anemia a type of megaloblastic anemia

228
Q

Helicobacter pylori causes

A

Peptic ulcer by decreasing acidity and inducing inflammation

229
Q

Cardiac glands main function

A

Secretion of mucous to buffer the esophageal epithelium against acid

230
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum Jejenum Ileum

231
Q

At the glycocalyx of the small intestine these enzymes are found

A

Disaccharidease
Dipeptidase
Enterokinase

232
Q

Enzymes from ___ and ___ from liver enters to ____ portion of small intestine

A

Enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver enters to duodenum 2nd portion of small intestine

233
Q

Surface area increasing structures in small intestine

A

Plicae circulares
Microvilli-villi
Crypts of Lieberkühn

234
Q

Other name for intestinal glands

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

235
Q

Permenant submucosal folds in small intestine

A

Plicae circulares

236
Q

Lymphatic vessel of small intestine

A

Lacteal

237
Q

Type of epithelium in small intestine

A

Simple columnar

238
Q

In ileum’s submucosa this special structure is found

A

Peyer’s patches (GALT)

239
Q

The cells of intestinal epithelium

A

Enterocytes, Enteroendocrine
Goblet
Paneth
Tuft, M cells, Stem cells

240
Q

Intestinal Enterocytes function

A

Absorptive cells with selective retention.
Also has enzymes important for metabolism like enterokinase

241
Q

Within microvillus, vertically oriented ____ are found

A

Actin filaments

242
Q

Yaz olsa da

A

Rahat rahat sıcakta bi tatile gitsek.

243
Q

Intestinal enterocytes have selective retention due to

A

Tight junctions between them

244
Q

Intestinal Enterocytes have active transport system using this pump

A

Na/K ATPase

245
Q

Enterokinase function

A

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin which in turn activates other digestive enzymes

246
Q

Trypsin activates these other enzymes

A

Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsiongen
Proelastase
procarboxypeptidase
Phospholipase

247
Q

Goblet cells secrete

A

mucous

248
Q

From duodenum to ileum the number of goblet cells

A

Increase due to solidification of content

249
Q

Goblet cells these structures on their apical portion

A

Mucinogen granules stained pale or clear

250
Q

Paneth cells secrete

A

antimicrobial enzymes as lysoszyme and defensins

251
Q

These epithelial cells overlie Peyer’s patches

A

M Microfold cells

252
Q

M cells function

A

Antigen transporting and presenting cells

253
Q

Release of __ is important for mucosal surface immunity

A

sIgA

254
Q

The submucosal gland of duodenum

A

Brunner’s gland

255
Q

Function of Brunner’s gland

A

Neutralizing the chyme

256
Q

Both layers of muscle contribute to this movement

A

Peristalsis

257
Q

Compare the villi of intestinal parts

A

Short and blunt at ileum
Very orderly at jejunum

258
Q

Shortening of intestinal villi due to immune reaction. Which disease could it be?

A

Celiac disease

259
Q

Celias disease symptoms

A

Malabsorption and diarrhea

260
Q

This projects at cecum

A

Vermiform appendix

261
Q

Teniae coli function

A

Move colon content forward

262
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Fatty projections of serosa

263
Q

Other name for omental appendices

A

Appendices epiploica

264
Q

Sacculations of colon

A

Haustra coli

265
Q

Do colon have villi?

A

No.

266
Q

Digestive enzymes found in colon’s glycocalyx

A

None!

267
Q

Number of goblet cells increases near

A

rectum

268
Q

At lamina propia of colon, this structure participates in regulation of water and electrolyte transport

A

Collagen table

269
Q

At lamina propia of colon, this structure replicates cells

A

Pericryptal fibroblast sheath

270
Q

A common site for carcinoid in colon

A

Appendix

271
Q

At rectum these valves are found

A

Transverse rectal folds

272
Q

Fun fact:

A

Bartu Avrupa’nın en hızlı 3. rollercoaster’ına binmiştir.

273
Q

Special transition zone in anal canal

A

Epithelium transformation zone

274
Q

Epithelium transformation zone layers (zones)

A

Colorectal zone
Anal transitional zone
Squamous zone

275
Q

Colorectal zone
Anal transitional zone
Squamous zone
epithelium types

A

Colorectal zone: simple columnar
Anal transitional zone: mixed
Squamous zone: stratified squamous

276
Q

Anal glands opening to different (improper) regions

A

Anal fistulas

277
Q

Duygulandım baya zaman harcadım bu kartlara

A

Bir süre histo yok!

278
Q

Line bordering the lower end of the anal sinuses and columns

A

Pectinate line

NUTI 205 - Histology (2 decks)

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