Histology of the Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Starting and ending point of the alimentary canal
A
Oral cavity to anal canal
2
Q
Why do food move slower in stomach and intestine compared to pharynx and esophagus?
A
To give the stomach and intestine and the secretions enough time to digest and absorb (intestine) the food
3
Q
Which layer of the alimentary canal allows differentiation among different segments of the canal?
A
Mucosa. It changes according to the function of the segment.
4
Q
What are the 4 layers of the alimentary mucosa (canal) ?
A
Mucosa, Submucosa, Tunica Muscular, Adventitia/Serosa
5
Q
What are the layers of mucosa?
A
Epithelium, Lamina Propia, Muscularis Mucosa
6
Q
What are the layers of mucosa?
A
Epithelium, Lamina Propia, Muscularis Mucosa
7
Q
What is the name of the neuronal system found in the submucosa layer?
A
Meissner’s plexus
8
Q
What is the name of the neuronal system found in the muscularis layer?
A
Auerbach plexus
9
Q
Name of the tissue that allows immunological protection along the alimentary canal
A
GALT: Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue
10
Q
General name for nearby supporting structures around a teeth
A
Periodontium
11
Q
Two areas / spaces in the oral cavity
A
Vestibule and oral cavity proper
12
Q
Borders of the vestibule
A
Between checks and teeth
13
Q
Borders of the oral cavity proper
A
Palates, tongue, entrance to esophagus, teeth
14
Q
Three types of oral mucosa
A
Masticatory mucosa
Lining mucosa
Specialized mucosa
15
Q
Masticatory mucosa found in
A
On the gingiva (gums) and the hard palate
16
Q
What type of epithelium does masticatory mucosa have?
A
Keratinized/Para-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
17
Q
How is the underlying lamina propia of masticatory mucosa?
A
Thick papillary layer for immobilization
18
Q
Lining mucosa is found in
A
Lips, cheeks, soft palate, floor of the mouth, inferior surface of tongue
19
Q
What type of epithelium does lining mucosa have?
A
Mostly non-keratinized epithelium
20
Q
The lining mucosa at a specific region is keratinized. What is this structure?
A
Vermilion border of the lips.
21
Q
Why are the lips red?
A
Thinner epidermis
Light keratinization
Transparent to reflection of microvasculature.
(Öpücük :)
22
Q
At a human lip section, do we expect hair follicles?
A
No!
23
Q
Features of distinct submucosa of lining mucosa
A
Large bands of collagen and elastic fibers
Many minor salivary glands
24
Q
Specialized mucosa is found in
A
Dorsal (superior) surface of the tongue
25
(Detail question) On a human lip section, it is observed that there are some papillary projections towards the surface/epithelium. What is the name of these finger-like projections?
Meissner's Corpuscle.
Bu structure lip section distinguish etmek için önemli! + High vascularization
26
What type of epithelium does specialized mucosa have?
It consists of taste buds and papillae
27
Only muscle with bundles running at three different planes:
Tongue
28
What is the importance of tongue having muscle bundles running at three different planes?
Enormous flexibility and precision in tongue movements during speech, swallowing and digestion
29
Name of the structure dividing tongue to 2/3 anterior and 1/3 posterior.
Sulcus Terminalis
(V shaped depression)
30
The apex of the sulcus terminalis
Foramen cecum
31
What is foramen cecum?
Remnant site from embryonic pharynx to form thyroid gland
32
Bartu'nun 5 ve 6. sınıfta beden eğitimi dersi için seçtiği spor nedir?
Badminton!
33
At what region of the lip are papillae found?
Anterior 2/3.
34
Is it correct to say that papillae are projections of the mucosa?
Yes. Papillae and their taste bud actually forms the specialized mucosa.
35
We said that lining mucosa is formed by papillae and taste buds. What are the four types of papillae?
Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate or vallate
36
This papilla's tip looks backwards.
Filiform papillae
37
Which papillae has no taste bud; therefore, only have mechanical action?
Filiform papillae
38
Papillae that is found anterior to sulcus terminalis
Circumvallate papille
39
Most abundant papillae
Filiform papillae
40
This papillae is not found or rarely found in humans
Foliate papillae
41
Conical shaped papillae
Filiform papillae
42
This papillae is abundant near the tip of the tongue
Fungiform papillae
43
Human tongue has 8-12 of this papillae
Circumvallate papillae
44
Complete the sentence:
Ducts of lingual salivary glands or _____ (other name of lingual salivary glands) empty into the base of _____ papillae in order to ____
Ducts of lingual salivary glands or von Ebner glands empty into the base of circumvallate papillae in order to flush the area and enable the taste buds for other tastes.
45
Table shaped papillae with parallel low ridges separated by deep mucosal clefts.
Foliate papillae
46
This papillae are among filiform papillae. Also they are numerous at the tip.
Fungiform papillae
47
Which papillae is the biggest in size?
Circumvallate papillae
48
If I were to show you a section of a papillae with lots of serous glands, which duct would be it most probably
Circumvallate papillae
49
Are there papillae the ventral surface of the tongue?
No.
50
What do you expect to see on ventral surface of the tongue.
Bundles of striated muscle tissue covered by epithelium
51
Although lining mucosa is covered by non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium a specific structure here is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Which structure is this?
Filiform papillae
52
Appearance under light microscope of taste buds.
Oval-pale staining bodies.
53
A small opening at the apex of the taste bud
Taste pore
54
Three principle cell types within taste buds
Neuroepithelial (sensory/gustatory)
Supporting cells
Basal cells
55
Do neuroepithelial cells convey action potential?
No! They are not neuron cells. They induce action potential within their corresponding afferent neurons.
56
Neuroepithelial cells synapse the processes of afferent sensory neurons of the ___,___,___ nerves.
Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus.
57
Fun fact: Bartu akustik gitar, bateri ve elektro gitar çalmayı denemiştir.
Ve hiçbirinde (henüz) başarılı olamamıştır.
58
Property of supporting cells
They don't synapse with the nerve cells
Have microvilli
59
Property of basal cells
Stem cell for both neuroepithelial cells and supporting cells
60
Receptor type for bitter taste. Also, which other taste types have this type of receptor?
G-protein coupled taste receptors.
Bitter, sweet and umami.
61
Sour and salty tastes' receptor type
Ion channel
62
Which ion creates salty taste?
Cations mostly Na+
63
Which ion creates sour taste?
H+ (acidic)
64
Simply, which papillae would take the bitter and umami taste?
Circumvallate. This because umami and bitter tastes are received at the posterior side of the dorsal surface of the tongue. There is actually circumvallate papillae just in front of sulcus terminalis.
65
Şu an dinlediğim sanatçı: Mac Demarco.
Ve senle zoom yapıyoruz. Love it!
66
Tooth are embedded into
Alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible
67
Other name for milk/primary teeth
Deciduous teeth
68
Types of teeth
Incisor, canine, premolar, molar
69
This type of teeth have 2-3 roots while others have 1
Molar
70
Three specialized teeth tissues
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
71
Structure of the tooth: Area over the level of gingiva (gum)
Crown
72
Structure of the tooth: Gingiva region
Neck
73
Below gingiva
Root
74
This tissue covers the crown
Enamel
75
Enamel is formed by which chemical compound
Calcium hydroxyapetite
76
Enamel is the hardest structure of the body. True or False
True
77
Is enamel cellular ?
No it is acellular mineralized tissue
78
Enamel is derived from which type of cells?
Epithelial cells, Ameloblasts.
79
Bone is also derived from epithelial cells. True or False
No! Osteoblasts are mesodermal cells.
80
Enamel is composed of this structures arranged parallel to each other.
Enamel rods
81
Striations observed on enamel rods' conjunction
Lines of Retzius (might be related to rhythmic growth of developing tooth)
82
The structural term "Crown" is different in clinics and anatomy. Please define it for both fields.
Clinical crown: Enamel visible above the gum line.
Anatomical crown: All of the tooth covered by enamel, some being under the gum.
83
Ameloblasts belong to this organ-like structure
Enamel organ
84
Ameloblasts are located superiorly to enamel. True or False
True!
85
If ameloblasts are located superiorly to enamel, why don't Bartu see cells on his tooth when he looks in the mirror?
After the eruption of a teeth, the teeth loses its cells and cell processes. That is why ameloblasts are only observed in non-erupted tooth.
86
If ameloblasts stop supporting the enamel after eruption of the teeth, how can enamel protect/nourish itself?
Salivary content influences the enamel so enamel is not a static tissue after eruption of a teeth.
87
Long, polarized cell with lots of mitochondria and well developed R.ER
Ameloblast
88
At the ameloblast process, the apical extension contains ____ of proteins for the enamel matrix.
Numerous secretory granules
89
(Detailed question) What is the other name for ameloblast process at the apical extension
Tomes' process
90
These cells are derived from neural crest cells
Odontoblasts
91
List the name of the elements (cells and layers) of the crown region of tooth from external to internal.
Ameloblast
Enamel
Dentin
Odontoblast
Pulp cavity
92
How can enamel decay?
Due to decalcification caused by acid and acid producing bacteria. This causes dental caries.
93
Most abundant dental tissue
Dentin
94
Dentin is covered by ___ at the tip, and covered by ___ at lower end.
At the tip (superiorly) enamel.
At the lower end (inferiorly) cementum.
95
Dentin supports these two tissues
Enamel and cementum
96
Which element prevents dental caries or enamel decalcification
Flouride
97
Why pregnant should not use medical drugs affecting baby's dental growth?
Because after tooth eruption there is no ameloblast present. If ameloblasts are affected, enamel formation would be disrupted.
98
Seni
Seviyorum.
(Olur da başka biri bu desteyi çalışıyorsa: Bu kart Bartu'dan Elif'e yazıldı hadi yallah)
99
This matrix is produced by odontoblasts
Dentin
100
Newly formed dentin
Predentin
101
Predentin layer is closer to odontoblast (True or False)
True
102
Processes embedded within dentin
Dentinal tubules
103
Dentinal tubules are found in which surface of the odontoblast
Apical surface
104
Predentin is mineralized (True or False)
False.It is yet to be mineralized.
105
Unlike a section from an erupted tooth, a ___ is observed on section from unerupted tooth
Ameloblasts
106
The central pulp cavity of a tooth is filled by
Dental pulp
107
Dental pulp contains
Vessels and Nerves
108
Vessels and nerves enter to dental pulp through
Apical foramen at root
109
Root canal treatment is performed just around apical foramen where the vessels and nerves enter (True or False)
True.
110
This tissue covers the root of the tooth
Cementum
111
Cementum is produced by
Cementoblasts
112
Cementoblasts resemble to which cell type
Osteoblasts
113
Difference of bone and cementum tissues
Cementum is avascular (bone is vascular)
In cementum, canaliculi don't form an interconnecting network
114
Similarities of bone and cementum tissued
Both are mineralized
Both have lacunae and canaliculi
115
Near the cementum, this structure supports and fixes the teeth to alveolar process
Periodontal ligament
116
Periodontal ligament contains
Collagen fibers that embed the tooth to socket (like Sharpey's fibers)
Elastic fibers allowing slight movement of tooth (allows orthodontic procedures)
117
All the tissued involved in attachment of tooth into the bones
Periodontium
118
Periodontal diseases may lead to
Loss of teeth ;(
119
Part of the oral mucosa around the neck next to crown. Firmly attached to teeth's underlying bony tissue
Gingiva (gum)
120
Plexus found in submucosa layer
Meissner's mucosa
121
Muscular layer's layers and the name of plexus
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus in between these layers
122
Function of muscularis mucosa
Smooth muscles allow movement of mucosa
123
What type of epithelium is serosa? Also what is the other name for this tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
= Mesothelium
124
Other name for pyloric sphincter
Gastroduodenal sphincter
125
Gastroduodenal sphincter function
Controls release of chyme
126
Ileocecal valve function
Prevents reflux of high bacterial content of cecum to ileum
127
Type of epithelium found in esophagus
Stratified squamous epithelium
128
Type of epithelium found in most of the gastrointestinal tract and the structure helping the mucosa to serve as a selective permeable barrier.
Simple columnar epithelium
Tight Junctions
129
In which layer of the alimentary canal does GALT reside?
Lamina propia of the mucosa.
130
Three principle functions of the mucosa
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
131
What are the advantages of mucus secretion?
Protective lubrication
Buffering of the tract lining (pH)
Antibodies are secreted from lamina proper to mucosal surface
132
Antibodies are produced by this type of cell
Plasma cell
133
Invaginations of the lumen epithelium
Glands
134
Submucosal glands empty their secretions to
Luminal surface
135
Mucosal glands extend into
Lamina propia
136
Mucosal glands are mostly found in this organ
Stomach
137
Meaning of extramural glands and how do they deliver their secretions?
Outside the digestive tract.
Deliver secretions via ducts through intestinal wall to lumen
138
Circumferential submucosal folds along small intestine
Plicae circulares
139
Principle site of absorption
Villi
140
This structure forms brush border
Microvilli
141
Deepest portion of submucosa
Muscularis Mucosa
142
ENS is found in the submucosa (True or False)
True. Meissner's plexus!
143
ENS can function independently of CNS (True or False)
True
144
Longitudinal muscles allow ____ movement while circular muscle layer allows _____
Longitudinal--> Propelling (peristalsis)
Circular --> Mixing
145
Upper esophageal sphincter other name
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter
146
Upper esophageal sphincter has what type of muscle
Striated
147
At this lower GI tract portion, striated muscle is found
External anal sphincter
148
What is special with stomach's muscle layers?
It has a third oblique layer (most inner)
149
Three distinct equally spaced longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle at colon
Teniae coli
150
Name the sphincters and valves from proximal to oral cavity to distal
UES
LES
Pyoric (Gastroduodenal) sphincter
Ileocecal Valve
Internal anal sphincter
151
Function of UES
Prevents entry of air into the esophagus
152
Function of LES
Prevents reflux of gastric content to esophagus
153
Relaxation of LES might cause which disease?
Esophagitis due to acidic content
154
Function of pyloric function
Control the release of chyme to duodenum
155
Function of ileocecal valve
Prevents the reflux of colon content with its high bacterial count.
156
Function of internal anal sphincter
Prevents passage of feces from rectum to anal canal
157
Serosa holds large vessels and nerve trunks (True or False)
True.
158
Bartu ne demektir?
Varlık, servet, mesafe.
159
What is the most external layer of esophagus, adventitia or serosa?
From beginning to the esophageal opening to diaphragm, esophagus is covered by adventitia. In the abdominal cavity it is covered by serosa.
160
Name of the content passing through pharynx and esophagus. (Content before chyme)
Bolus
161
Normally the lumen of esophagus is collapsed. (True or False)
True. It expands as bolus passes.
162
Muscularis mucosa at the proximal end of the esophagus is thick due to
Aid in swallowing
163
Esophagus has submucosal glands. Near the stomach portion, these glands can be named as ___
Cardiac glands
164
Type of muscle in muscularis external of esophagus
First 1/3 striated
Middle 1/3 mixed
Last 1/3 smooth
165
Esophagus is innervated by
Vagus
166
Esophagus is attached to near by structures through thoracic cavity by
Adventitia
167
Esophageal gland types
Esophageal glands proper
Esophageal cardiac glands
168
Esophageal glands proper found in
Upper portion of esophagus
169
Esophageal cardiac glands are found in
The lamina proper of the terminal part of the mucus
170
Function of esophageal cardiac glands
Produce neutral mucus to buffer regurgitated gastric content
171
Epithelial invaginations are prone to ____; therefore, _____ are mostly found near the submucosal glands
Epithelial invaginations are prone to ____; therefore, diffuse lymphatic nodules are mostly found near the submucosal glands
172
Name of the content in stomach
Chyme
173
According to histology, portions of stomach are
Cardia
Fundus
Pyloris
174
Stomach glands are found in this layer
Mucosa
175
The inner oblique layer is located in this layer
Muscularis externa
176
Serosa's attachment to both parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
Greater momentum and lesser omentum
177
Juction of esophagus and stomach
Esophagogastric junction
178
Longitudinal folds in the inner surface of stomach and its function
Rugae. Allows expansion
179
Numerous openings in the inner mucosal surface of stomach
Gastric pits or gastric foveola
180
Gastric glands open into the ____ of the gastric pits.
bottom
181
This type of gland is also called gastric gland due to it containing all cell types
Fundic gland (body)
182
Bartu'nun ilk bitirdiği puzzle'ın üzerinde neler vardır?
Okyanusun içindeki canlılar (ana bir parçayı kaybetmiştik yine de çerçeveletmiştik.
183
Gastric pits lead to long, branched, tubular glands having these type of cells:
Surface mucus (actually at pit, not gland)
Mucus neck
Parietal
Chief
Enteroendocrine
184
Which gland do you expect to see in esophagogastric junction
Cardiac glands
185
This cells line the inner surface of the opening of the gastric pit
Surface mucous cells
186
Surface mucous cells are ____ type of epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
187
On the apical surface of the Surface mucous cells a clear area of ____ observed
Large, apical cup of mucinogen granules
188
Apical cup of mucinogen is stained ____ in LM
Clear/empty. It requires toluidine blue or PAS
189
Features of the mucous secreted by Surface mucous cells
Thick, viscous, gel-like and cloudy
190
Content of mucous of surface mucous cells
High bicarbontate, potassium, prostaglandin
191
Function of bicarbonate and potassium
They make mucus alkaline. Protects the stomach against gastric juice.
192
Function of prostaglandin and type of prostaglandin
PGE2. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate and increase thickness of mucosa. Alos cause vasodilation to allow nutrients to go to damaged areas.
193
Why surface mucous and neck mucous are stained differently?
Due to different content
194
What type of substances can be absorbed by stomach (passed through the epithelium)?
Also how?
Alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDs
They directly damage the surface epithelium. Also they suppress prostaglandin secretion.
195
Do stomach normally have absorptive function?
No.
196
What type of cells reside at the isthmus of gastric glands?
Stem cells
197
If stem cell of the gastric gland migrates downwards its fate is
Other cells of fundic epithelium
198
If stem cell of the gastric gland migrates upwards its fate is
Mucous surface cell
199
Other name for parietal cell
Oxynthic cell
200
Location of parietal cells within gastric gland
At the neck region also at deeper parts among chief cells
201
Function of parietal cells
Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
202
Appearance of parietal cells
Large triangular cell, eosinophilic cytoplasm. Hast extensive intercellular canaliculi system. Also has tubulovesicular membrane system. Numerous mitochondria
203
What gives eosinophilic appearance of parietal cells?
Numerous mitochondria required for pumping H+ and Cl-
204
HCl is produced where in the parietal cells?
Lumen of the canalicular system
205
Membranes of the tubulovesicular system serve as a
Reservoir of plasma membrane containing active proton pumps
206
At resting cell size of tubulovesicular system is
reduced
207
Three types of membrane receptors for activation of HCl secretion
Gastrin
Histamine
Muscarinic
208
State the steps after substrate (gastrin) binding to its receptor in parietal cell. Now state the enzyme required for H+ production.
H+ produced in parietal cell by carbonic anhydrase.
H+ transported to canaliculi lumen by proton pumps.
K and Cl transported by uniporter channels
209
Chief cells other name
Zymogenic cells
210
Chief cells located at what region of fundic glands
Deeper parts
211
How do Chief cells stained?
Basophilic due to abundant r.er
212
Since apical cytoplasm contains secretory vesicle it is stained
Eosinophilic
213
Chief cells secrete these
Pepsinogen and a weak lipase
214
What converts pepsinogen to pepsin
HCl in the gastric juice
215
Mucous neck cells difference than surface mucous cells
They are located at the neck portion
Shorter than surface mucous cells
Mucuos secreted by neck cells are soluble, not cloudy
Neck cells don't have mucous cup
216
Gastroenteroendocrine cells secrete hormones onto
Blood vessels and lamina propia
217
Closed Gastroenteroendocrine cell means
It don't reach to the lumen of gland
218
Open Gastroenteroendocrine cell means
It reach to the lumen of gland with its microvilli, serving as chemoreceptors to release hormones
219
Other names for enteroendocrine cells
Enterochromaffin
Argentaffin
Argyrophil due to treatment with chromium and silver salts
220
Gastroenteroendocrine cells are a member of this system
Diffuse neuroendocrine system
221
Gastroenteroendocrine cells can process this type of compounds
Amines classified as referred as amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells
222
Content of gastric juice
HCl
Pepsin
Mucus
Intrinsic Factor
223
This organism can live in gastric juice
Helicobacter pylori
224
Helicobacter pylori contains ____ allowing it to ____
urease to produce ammonia cloud allowing it to survive in gastric juice
225
Pepsin function
Digests peptides into amino acids in the small intestine
226
Intrinsic factor functions
Binds to vitamin b12 for its absorption
227
Intrinsic factor deficiency can lead to
Pernicious anemia a type of megaloblastic anemia
228
Helicobacter pylori causes
Peptic ulcer by decreasing acidity and inducing inflammation
229
Cardiac glands main function
Secretion of mucous to buffer the esophageal epithelium against acid
230
Parts of small intestine
Duodenum Jejenum Ileum
231
At the glycocalyx of the small intestine these enzymes are found
Disaccharidease
Dipeptidase
Enterokinase
232
Enzymes from ___ and ___ from liver enters to ____ portion of small intestine
Enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver enters to duodenum 2nd portion of small intestine
233
Surface area increasing structures in small intestine
Plicae circulares
Microvilli-villi
Crypts of Lieberkühn
234
Other name for intestinal glands
Crypts of Lieberkühn
235
Permenant submucosal folds in small intestine
Plicae circulares
236
Lymphatic vessel of small intestine
Lacteal
237
Type of epithelium in small intestine
Simple columnar
238
In ileum's submucosa this special structure is found
Peyer's patches (GALT)
239
The cells of intestinal epithelium
Enterocytes, Enteroendocrine
Goblet
Paneth
Tuft, M cells, Stem cells
240
Intestinal Enterocytes function
Absorptive cells with selective retention.
Also has enzymes important for metabolism like enterokinase
241
Within microvillus, vertically oriented ____ are found
Actin filaments
242
Yaz olsa da
Rahat rahat sıcakta bi tatile gitsek.
243
Intestinal enterocytes have selective retention due to
Tight junctions between them
244
Intestinal Enterocytes have active transport system using this pump
Na/K ATPase
245
Enterokinase function
Converts trypsinogen to trypsin which in turn activates other digestive enzymes
246
Trypsin activates these other enzymes
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsiongen
Proelastase
procarboxypeptidase
Phospholipase
247
Goblet cells secrete
mucous
248
From duodenum to ileum the number of goblet cells
Increase due to solidification of content
249
Goblet cells these structures on their apical portion
Mucinogen granules stained pale or clear
250
Paneth cells secrete
antimicrobial enzymes as lysoszyme and defensins
251
These epithelial cells overlie Peyer's patches
M Microfold cells
252
M cells function
Antigen transporting and presenting cells
253
Release of __ is important for mucosal surface immunity
sIgA
254
The submucosal gland of duodenum
Brunner's gland
255
Function of Brunner's gland
Neutralizing the chyme
256
Both layers of muscle contribute to this movement
Peristalsis
257
Compare the villi of intestinal parts
Short and blunt at ileum
Very orderly at jejunum
258
Shortening of intestinal villi due to immune reaction. Which disease could it be?
Celiac disease
259
Celias disease symptoms
Malabsorption and diarrhea
260
This projects at cecum
Vermiform appendix
261
Teniae coli function
Move colon content forward
262
What are omental appendices?
Fatty projections of serosa
263
Other name for omental appendices
Appendices epiploica
264
Sacculations of colon
Haustra coli
265
Do colon have villi?
No.
266
Digestive enzymes found in colon's glycocalyx
None!
267
Number of goblet cells increases near
rectum
268
At lamina propia of colon, this structure participates in regulation of water and electrolyte transport
Collagen table
269
At lamina propia of colon, this structure replicates cells
Pericryptal fibroblast sheath
270
A common site for carcinoid in colon
Appendix
271
At rectum these valves are found
Transverse rectal folds
272
Fun fact:
Bartu Avrupa'nın en hızlı 3. rollercoaster'ına binmiştir.
273
Special transition zone in anal canal
Epithelium transformation zone
274
Epithelium transformation zone layers (zones)
Colorectal zone
Anal transitional zone
Squamous zone
275
Colorectal zone
Anal transitional zone
Squamous zone
epithelium types
Colorectal zone: simple columnar
Anal transitional zone: mixed
Squamous zone: stratified squamous
276
Anal glands opening to different (improper) regions
Anal fistulas
277
Duygulandım baya zaman harcadım bu kartlara
Bir süre histo yok!
278
Line bordering the lower end of the anal sinuses and columns
Pectinate line
