Histology of Digestive System Associated Organs Flashcards
1
Q
Name of the major salivary glands
A
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
2
Q
The name of duct of Parotid gland
A
Stensen’s duct
3
Q
The name of duct of Submandibular gland
A
Wharton’s duct
4
Q
Minor salivary glands are at this layer of oral cavity
A
Submucosa
5
Q
Steps of development of exocrine gland
A
1) The epithelium creates a down growth
2) A solid cord forms from this
3) Degeneration of inner cells (canalization)
4) Cord and bulbous end forms
6
Q
The bulbous end of a gland is called ___
A
Secretory acini
7
Q
The cord of a gland becomes
A
the duct
8
Q
Major salivary glands are surrounded by
A
Capsule
9
Q
The capsule forms ___ and divides acini into ____
A
Septa, lobes and lobules
10
Q
Numerous ___ found near the connective tissue surrounding acini to produce salivary antibodies
A
Lymphocytes and acini
11
Q
Serous acini are more ____ in shape
A
Spherical
12
Q
Mucous acini are more ____ in shape
A
Tubular
13
Q
Serous cells shape
A
Pyramidal
14
Q
Serous cell are mucin-secreting cell (True or False)
A
False, they are protein secreting cells
15
Q
Serous cells have these in apical portion
A
Zymogen granules
16
Q
Serous cell appearance under LM and reason
A
Apically stain eosinophilic due to zymogen granules (protein)
Basal portion is stained hematoxylin due to rER
17
Q
Serous cell nucleus shape
A
Round
18
Q
Mucous cells have this at their apical portion
A
Mucinogen granules
19
Q
Mucous cell appearance under LM and reason
A
Apical cytoplasm is clear due to mucinogen granules
Basal portion is more basophilic due to rER
20
Q
Mucous cell nucleus shape and reason
A
Nucleus flattened due to mucinogen granules pressing
21
Q
How are the lumen of serous and mucous glands?
A
Serous gland lumen is small while mucous gland lumen is larger
22
Q
Why serous glands have smaller lumen while mucous glands have larger lumen?
A
Serous cells produce watery substances
Mucous cells produce thick mucous
23
Q
Type of cell mostly found near serous cells
A
Myoepithelial cell
24
Q
Myoepithelial cell function and location
A
At basal portion of serous cells and to contract and cause the serous secretion to get into lumen
25
Myoepithelial cell appearance under LM
Thin eosinophilic band due to contractile filaments
26
____ might occur near acini due to traditional fixation methods
Serous demilunes
27
Cap of serous cells between the mucous cells are called
Serous demilunes
28
Smallest ducts near acini
Intercalated ducts
29
Intercalated ducts are mostly found near serous acini but not mucous acini (True or False)
True. Not really seen near mucous acini
30
Type of epithelium seen in intercalated ducts
Low cuboidal epithelium
31
Intercalated ducts drain into these ducts
Striated ducts
32
Striated ducts epithelium
Simple cuboidal to simple columnar
33
these ducts can modify the composition of secretion
Intralobular ducts (intercalated and striated)
34
What are the striations on striated duct cells?
At basolateral folds found longitudinal mitochondria causing striations
35
Enzyme found in intercalated ducts
Carbonic anhydrase
36
In serous secreting ducts intercalated ducts function to
secrete bicarbonate
absorb Cl-
37
In striated ducts why do we need mitochondria?
Striated ducts reabsorbs the fluid and electrolytes. This requires energy
38
Striated ducts absorbs___ and secretes ____ to make the secretion more ___
Striated ducts absorbs Na+ and secretes K+ to make the secretion more hypotonic
39
Excretory ducts
Intralobular, interlobular and interlobar ducts
40
Excretory ducts type of epithelium
Simple cuboidal --> Simple columnar --> Pseudostratified columnar or stratified cuboidal
41
As the ducts opens to the oral cavity the epithelium is
Stratified squamous
42
As going further the diameter of the duct
increases
43
Parotid gland is completely
Serous gland
44
Parotid gland is near this nerve
Facial nerve
45
Facial nerve can be affected by this viral infection
Mumps
46
Parotid gland has lots of this tissue
Adipose tissue
47
Submandibular gland is what type of gland?
Mixed mostly serous. Has serous demilunes
48
Sublingual gland is what type of gland?
Mixed mostly mucous
49
Saliva content
Water, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibodies, electrolytes, digesting enzymes like salivary alpha amylase, lysozyme, calcium and phosphate for tooth development
50
Pancreas portions
Head, neck, body and tail
51
Pancreas is surrounded by
Capsule around the gland
52
Pancreas has both ___ and ___ components as a gland
Endocrine and exocrine
53
Exocrine component of pancreas opens to ___ for digestive enzyme secretion
Second part of duodenum
54
Endocrine component of pancreas secretes these hormones to blood
Glucagon and insulin
55
Specialized region of endocrine component of pancreas
Langerhans islet = pancreatic islet
56
Çok güzel 3 şarkı ekledim beraber arabada dinleyeceğiz
Çok senlik değiller ama hoşlar
57
Langerhans islet is stained ___ compared to exocrine portion
Pale
58
Exocrine portion of pancreas is stained ____ due to ___
basophilic (purple) due to rER
59
Exocrine portion of pancreas resembles to ____ gland since both of them are ___ glands
Parotid, completely serous
60
Intercalated duct starts within the acini with these type of cells in pancreas
Centroacinar cells
61
At the apical portion of serous cells in pancreatic serous gland these are seen
Zymogen granules of digestive enzymes
62
Pancreatic serous gland also have striated duct (True or False)
False. Striated duct is for controlling the content of saliva. (Absorption and secretion)
63
Proenzymes secreted by pancreas are activated by these two enzymes
Enterokinase and trypsin
64
Appearance of centroacinar cells
Flattened nucleus, squamous cell.
65
Names for pancreas duct
Main pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung)
66
Name for accessory pancreatic duct
Duct of Santorini
67
Main pancreatic duct joins with ___
Common bile duct
68
Common bile duct + duct of Wirsung = enlarged last portion =
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)
69
Sphincter on the ampulla of Vater
Sphincter of Oddi or hepatopancreatic sphincter
70
Function of sphincter of Oddi
Regulate secretion of bile and pancreatic juice and prevent reflux of intestinal content to pancreatic duct
71
If pancreatic duct gets obstructed this occurs
Pancreatitis due to digestive enzymes digesting the gland itself
72
Pancreatic duct secretes these molecules to neutralize the chyme
Sodium and bicarbonate
73
Hepatopancreatic duct opens to the ___ at the second portion of duodenum
Major duodenal papilla
74
At basal portion of exocrine pancreas cells ___ are very abundant
rER
75
These two hormones regulate exocrine function of pancreas
Secretin and CCK
76
Function of secretin
Stimulates duct cells to secrete HCO3
77
CCK Function
Causes acing cells to secrete their proenzymes
78
Main function of endocrine pancreas
Regulate blood sugar levels
79
Bartu'nun küçükken sıkça okuduğu Fransız sci-fi ve macera türleri yazarı
Jules Verne
80
How are the cells ad how are they arranges at the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
Polygonal shaped cells arranges in short, irregular cords/clumps
81
Vascularization of endocrine pancreas
Network of fenestrated capillaries
82
At the basal part, most peripheral part of the Langerhans islet these cells are found
A or alpha cells
83
At the center of the Langerhans islet these cells are found
B pr beta cells
84
At the periphery of the Langerhans islet these large cells are found
D or delta cells
85
A cell function within Langerhans islet
Secrete glucagon
86
B cell function within Langerhans islet
Secrete insulin.
87
how insulin is seen or found in B cells?
At polyhedral core as crystallized insulin
88
D cell function within Langerhans islet
Secrete somatostatin
89
Islet cells are other than B cells are counterparts of ____ cells of GI
Enteroendocrine
90
Endocrine pancreas started to develop at these weeks
9-12
91
Langerhans islet has a network of
fenestrated capillary
92
Two types of vascular system in pancreas
Insuloacinar portal system
Acinar vascular system
93
Insuloacinar portal system works how?
It starts from Langerhans islet and leave islet and surround acini.
Capillaries first perfuse A and D cells then reaches B cells
94
Acini vascular system works how?
Acini independent system only exocrine portion
95
Langerhans islet has both ____ innervation
Symphatetic and parasymphatetic
96
Explain type I DM
Insulin dependent, autoimmune
No insulin available due to B cell damage
Juvenile diabetes
97
Explain type II DM
non-insulin dependent
genetic presdispositon, adipose incrs
insufficient insulin relative to glucose
Decrease in insulin receptors, deficient signaling, GLUT4
98
Liver capsule name
Glisson's capsule
99
Liver is composed of hexagonal
Lobules
100
One cell thick set of hepatocytes
Hepatic plate
101
Portal triad components
Hepatic artery branch
Portal vein branch
Bile duct branch
102
Between hepatic plates ___ are found
Sinusoidal capillaries
103
At sinusoidal capillaries these immune cells are found in liver
Kupffer cells
104
These two vessels bring oxygen and nutrient to liver
Hepatic artery and portal vein
105
Portal vein content
Most nutrient with 25% oxygen
106
This substance comes to liver from spleen
Bilirubin
107
Why do hepatic sinusoid capillaries have large fenestra at their basal lamina?
To allow nutrients to pass through the vessels to cell area.
108
Explain how liver cells are exposed to 100% oxygenated blood.
They are not! Since hepatic artery and portal vein combine, there is never 100% oxygenated blood in liver.
109
The hepatic sinusoid lead to this structure (two names)
Central vein/venule
Terminal hepatic venue
110
Central vein opens to
Sublobar veins
111
Sublobar veins drain into
Hepatic vein then IVC
112
State the flow direction of blood content and bile content within a hepatic lobule
Blood: From out to center
Bile: From center to out
113
Bile duct has this type of epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
114
Names of area between the sinusoidal epithelium and hepatocyte
Perisinusoidal space
Space of Disse
115
Cell type that stores fat
Ito cells (F cells)
116
Ito cells store fat as what?
vitamin A droplets
117
Liver parenchyma has this to allow movement of cells and materials
Reticulin, collagen type 3
118
Type of epithelium seen in sinusoids
Discontinous
119
Stellate sinusoidal macrophage =
Kuppfer cells
120
Liver helps spleen in terms of
Final breakdown of senile RBC
This function increases after splenectomy
121
How liver stores iron?
Ferritin iron --> hemosiderin granules
122
In a pathologic condition, this type of cell have a role in hepatic fibrogenesis
Ito cells
123
Ito cells turn into ____ cells when ____
turn into myofibroblasts when chronic inflammation or liver cirrhosis
124
Myofibroblasts produce ___ and result in ___
collagen, decrease the material exchange in space of disse
125
What do we see in Space of Disse under TEM?
small microvilli
126
in fetal liver space of disse has
islands of blood forming cells
127
At this surface of hepatocytes seen space of disse
basolateral
128
at this surface of hepatocytes seen bile canaliculi
Apical
129
Hepatocytes have ____ to prevent bile leaking from apical domain
Tight junctions
130
Function of peroxisome
Oxidases h202 to water and oxygen, detoxification
131
Lysozome function in liver
Storage site for ferritin
132
Lysosomal hepatic disease
Storage diseases
133
Alcohol dehydrogenase function
change alcohol to acetaldehyde then acetate
134
Impaired ADH pathway
microsomal ethanol oxidising system
135
microsomal ethanol oxidising system produces
Oxygen radicals
136
large term consumption of alcohol leads to storage of ___ in liver
Fat (fatty liver = steatosis)
137
Smallest branch of biliary tree
Bile canaliculi
138
Bile flows in this manner
Centrifugally
139
Bile canaliculi transform into this structure
Canals of Hering (choleangiole)
=terminal point of network of bile canaliculi on hepatocyte surface
140
Bile flows towards portal space (True or False)
True. Portal space is where triad resides
141
Space between lymphatic vessels and limiting plate
Space of Mall
142
here originates lymph
Space of Mall
143
Biliary tree is lined by
cholangiocytes, small cuboidal epithelium
144
Serves as reservoir for liver progenitor cells
Canal of Hering
145
Three functional lobes of liver
Classic
Portal
Liver acinus
146
This functional lobule is bordered by three triads
Portal lobule
147
Portal lobule shows what function of liver?
Exocrine function of bile secreting
148
The liver acinus provides info on
blood perfusion
149
Bile stasis meaning
Bile duct occlusion
150
liver during congestive heart failure (right heart failure)
Enlargement of liver due to blood engorgement
151
liver during congestive heart failure (left heart failure)
Liver can't get blood necrosis
152
liver during portal hypertension
Liver can't get portal vein content
153
Carcinoma of the pancreas might occlude this sphincter
Sphincter of Oddi
154
Bile consists of
bile salt, cholesterol, etc.
155
Bile on bilirubin
Conjugates bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin can penetrate everywhere and damage
156
How is the bile found in gallbladder compared to liver secreted?
Galbladder concentrates bile 10 fold
157
Galbladder lacks this mucosal layer
Muscularis mucosa and Submucosa
158
Deep diverticulum of the mucosa in gallbladder
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
159
At Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses this pathology might occur
Formation of gallstones due to bacteria accumulation and inflammation
160
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