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NUTI 205 - Histology > Histology of Digestive System Associated Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Digestive System Associated Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Name of the major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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2
Q

The name of duct of Parotid gland

A

Stensen’s duct

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3
Q

The name of duct of Submandibular gland

A

Wharton’s duct

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4
Q

Minor salivary glands are at this layer of oral cavity

A

Submucosa

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5
Q

Steps of development of exocrine gland

A

1) The epithelium creates a down growth
2) A solid cord forms from this
3) Degeneration of inner cells (canalization)
4) Cord and bulbous end forms

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6
Q

The bulbous end of a gland is called ___

A

Secretory acini

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7
Q

The cord of a gland becomes

A

the duct

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8
Q

Major salivary glands are surrounded by

A

Capsule

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9
Q

The capsule forms ___ and divides acini into ____

A

Septa, lobes and lobules

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10
Q

Numerous ___ found near the connective tissue surrounding acini to produce salivary antibodies

A

Lymphocytes and acini

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11
Q

Serous acini are more ____ in shape

A

Spherical

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12
Q

Mucous acini are more ____ in shape

A

Tubular

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13
Q

Serous cells shape

A

Pyramidal

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14
Q

Serous cell are mucin-secreting cell (True or False)

A

False, they are protein secreting cells

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15
Q

Serous cells have these in apical portion

A

Zymogen granules

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16
Q

Serous cell appearance under LM and reason

A

Apically stain eosinophilic due to zymogen granules (protein)
Basal portion is stained hematoxylin due to rER

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17
Q

Serous cell nucleus shape

A

Round

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18
Q

Mucous cells have this at their apical portion

A

Mucinogen granules

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19
Q

Mucous cell appearance under LM and reason

A

Apical cytoplasm is clear due to mucinogen granules
Basal portion is more basophilic due to rER

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20
Q

Mucous cell nucleus shape and reason

A

Nucleus flattened due to mucinogen granules pressing

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21
Q

How are the lumen of serous and mucous glands?

A

Serous gland lumen is small while mucous gland lumen is larger

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22
Q

Why serous glands have smaller lumen while mucous glands have larger lumen?

A

Serous cells produce watery substances
Mucous cells produce thick mucous

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23
Q

Type of cell mostly found near serous cells

A

Myoepithelial cell

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24
Q

Myoepithelial cell function and location

A

At basal portion of serous cells and to contract and cause the serous secretion to get into lumen

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25
Q

Myoepithelial cell appearance under LM

A

Thin eosinophilic band due to contractile filaments

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26
Q

____ might occur near acini due to traditional fixation methods

A

Serous demilunes

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27
Q

Cap of serous cells between the mucous cells are called

A

Serous demilunes

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28
Q

Smallest ducts near acini

A

Intercalated ducts

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29
Q

Intercalated ducts are mostly found near serous acini but not mucous acini (True or False)

A

True. Not really seen near mucous acini

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30
Q

Type of epithelium seen in intercalated ducts

A

Low cuboidal epithelium

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31
Q

Intercalated ducts drain into these ducts

A

Striated ducts

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32
Q

Striated ducts epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal to simple columnar

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33
Q

these ducts can modify the composition of secretion

A

Intralobular ducts (intercalated and striated)

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34
Q

What are the striations on striated duct cells?

A

At basolateral folds found longitudinal mitochondria causing striations

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35
Q

Enzyme found in intercalated ducts

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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36
Q

In serous secreting ducts intercalated ducts function to

A

secrete bicarbonate
absorb Cl-

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37
Q

In striated ducts why do we need mitochondria?

A

Striated ducts reabsorbs the fluid and electrolytes. This requires energy

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38
Q

Striated ducts absorbs___ and secretes ____ to make the secretion more ___

A

Striated ducts absorbs Na+ and secretes K+ to make the secretion more hypotonic

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39
Q

Excretory ducts

A

Intralobular, interlobular and interlobar ducts

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40
Q

Excretory ducts type of epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal –> Simple columnar –> Pseudostratified columnar or stratified cuboidal

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41
Q

As the ducts opens to the oral cavity the epithelium is

A

Stratified squamous

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42
Q

As going further the diameter of the duct

A

increases

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43
Q

Parotid gland is completely

A

Serous gland

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44
Q

Parotid gland is near this nerve

A

Facial nerve

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45
Q

Facial nerve can be affected by this viral infection

A

Mumps

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46
Q

Parotid gland has lots of this tissue

A

Adipose tissue

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47
Q

Submandibular gland is what type of gland?

A

Mixed mostly serous. Has serous demilunes

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48
Q

Sublingual gland is what type of gland?

A

Mixed mostly mucous

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49
Q

Saliva content

A

Water, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibodies, electrolytes, digesting enzymes like salivary alpha amylase, lysozyme, calcium and phosphate for tooth development

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50
Q

Pancreas portions

A

Head, neck, body and tail

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51
Q

Pancreas is surrounded by

A

Capsule around the gland

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52
Q

Pancreas has both ___ and ___ components as a gland

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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53
Q

Exocrine component of pancreas opens to ___ for digestive enzyme secretion

A

Second part of duodenum

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54
Q

Endocrine component of pancreas secretes these hormones to blood

A

Glucagon and insulin

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55
Q

Specialized region of endocrine component of pancreas

A

Langerhans islet = pancreatic islet

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56
Q

Çok güzel 3 şarkı ekledim beraber arabada dinleyeceğiz

A

Çok senlik değiller ama hoşlar

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57
Q

Langerhans islet is stained ___ compared to exocrine portion

A

Pale

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58
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas is stained ____ due to ___

A

basophilic (purple) due to rER

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59
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas resembles to ____ gland since both of them are ___ glands

A

Parotid, completely serous

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60
Q

Intercalated duct starts within the acini with these type of cells in pancreas

A

Centroacinar cells

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61
Q

At the apical portion of serous cells in pancreatic serous gland these are seen

A

Zymogen granules of digestive enzymes

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62
Q

Pancreatic serous gland also have striated duct (True or False)

A

False. Striated duct is for controlling the content of saliva. (Absorption and secretion)

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63
Q

Proenzymes secreted by pancreas are activated by these two enzymes

A

Enterokinase and trypsin

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64
Q

Appearance of centroacinar cells

A

Flattened nucleus, squamous cell.

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65
Q

Names for pancreas duct

A

Main pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung)

66
Q

Name for accessory pancreatic duct

A

Duct of Santorini

67
Q

Main pancreatic duct joins with ___

A

Common bile duct

68
Q

Common bile duct + duct of Wirsung = enlarged last portion =

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)

69
Q

Sphincter on the ampulla of Vater

A

Sphincter of Oddi or hepatopancreatic sphincter

70
Q

Function of sphincter of Oddi

A

Regulate secretion of bile and pancreatic juice and prevent reflux of intestinal content to pancreatic duct

71
Q

If pancreatic duct gets obstructed this occurs

A

Pancreatitis due to digestive enzymes digesting the gland itself

72
Q

Pancreatic duct secretes these molecules to neutralize the chyme

A

Sodium and bicarbonate

73
Q

Hepatopancreatic duct opens to the ___ at the second portion of duodenum

A

Major duodenal papilla

74
Q

At basal portion of exocrine pancreas cells ___ are very abundant

A

rER

75
Q

These two hormones regulate exocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretin and CCK

76
Q

Function of secretin

A

Stimulates duct cells to secrete HCO3

77
Q

CCK Function

A

Causes acing cells to secrete their proenzymes

78
Q

Main function of endocrine pancreas

A

Regulate blood sugar levels

79
Q

Bartu’nun küçükken sıkça okuduğu Fransız sci-fi ve macera türleri yazarı

A

Jules Verne

80
Q

How are the cells ad how are they arranges at the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Polygonal shaped cells arranges in short, irregular cords/clumps

81
Q

Vascularization of endocrine pancreas

A

Network of fenestrated capillaries

82
Q

At the basal part, most peripheral part of the Langerhans islet these cells are found

A

A or alpha cells

83
Q

At the center of the Langerhans islet these cells are found

A

B pr beta cells

84
Q

At the periphery of the Langerhans islet these large cells are found

A

D or delta cells

85
Q

A cell function within Langerhans islet

A

Secrete glucagon

86
Q

B cell function within Langerhans islet

A

Secrete insulin.

87
Q

how insulin is seen or found in B cells?

A

At polyhedral core as crystallized insulin

88
Q

D cell function within Langerhans islet

A

Secrete somatostatin

89
Q

Islet cells are other than B cells are counterparts of ____ cells of GI

A

Enteroendocrine

90
Q

Endocrine pancreas started to develop at these weeks

A

9-12

91
Q

Langerhans islet has a network of

A

fenestrated capillary

92
Q

Two types of vascular system in pancreas

A

Insuloacinar portal system
Acinar vascular system

93
Q

Insuloacinar portal system works how?

A

It starts from Langerhans islet and leave islet and surround acini.
Capillaries first perfuse A and D cells then reaches B cells

94
Q

Acini vascular system works how?

A

Acini independent system only exocrine portion

95
Q

Langerhans islet has both ____ innervation

A

Symphatetic and parasymphatetic

96
Q

Explain type I DM

A

Insulin dependent, autoimmune
No insulin available due to B cell damage
Juvenile diabetes

97
Q

Explain type II DM

A

non-insulin dependent
genetic presdispositon, adipose incrs
insufficient insulin relative to glucose
Decrease in insulin receptors, deficient signaling, GLUT4

98
Q

Liver capsule name

A

Glisson’s capsule

99
Q

Liver is composed of hexagonal

A

Lobules

100
Q

One cell thick set of hepatocytes

A

Hepatic plate

101
Q

Portal triad components

A

Hepatic artery branch
Portal vein branch
Bile duct branch

102
Q

Between hepatic plates ___ are found

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

103
Q

At sinusoidal capillaries these immune cells are found in liver

A

Kupffer cells

104
Q

These two vessels bring oxygen and nutrient to liver

A

Hepatic artery and portal vein

105
Q

Portal vein content

A

Most nutrient with 25% oxygen

106
Q

This substance comes to liver from spleen

A

Bilirubin

107
Q

Why do hepatic sinusoid capillaries have large fenestra at their basal lamina?

A

To allow nutrients to pass through the vessels to cell area.

108
Q

Explain how liver cells are exposed to 100% oxygenated blood.

A

They are not! Since hepatic artery and portal vein combine, there is never 100% oxygenated blood in liver.

109
Q

The hepatic sinusoid lead to this structure (two names)

A

Central vein/venule
Terminal hepatic venue

110
Q

Central vein opens to

A

Sublobar veins

111
Q

Sublobar veins drain into

A

Hepatic vein then IVC

112
Q

State the flow direction of blood content and bile content within a hepatic lobule

A

Blood: From out to center
Bile: From center to out

113
Q

Bile duct has this type of epithelium

A

Cuboidal epithelium

114
Q

Names of area between the sinusoidal epithelium and hepatocyte

A

Perisinusoidal space
Space of Disse

115
Q

Cell type that stores fat

A

Ito cells (F cells)

116
Q

Ito cells store fat as what?

A

vitamin A droplets

117
Q

Liver parenchyma has this to allow movement of cells and materials

A

Reticulin, collagen type 3

118
Q

Type of epithelium seen in sinusoids

A

Discontinous

119
Q

Stellate sinusoidal macrophage =

A

Kuppfer cells

120
Q

Liver helps spleen in terms of

A

Final breakdown of senile RBC
This function increases after splenectomy

121
Q

How liver stores iron?

A

Ferritin iron –> hemosiderin granules

122
Q

In a pathologic condition, this type of cell have a role in hepatic fibrogenesis

A

Ito cells

123
Q

Ito cells turn into ____ cells when ____

A

turn into myofibroblasts when chronic inflammation or liver cirrhosis

124
Q

Myofibroblasts produce ___ and result in ___

A

collagen, decrease the material exchange in space of disse

125
Q

What do we see in Space of Disse under TEM?

A

small microvilli

126
Q

in fetal liver space of disse has

A

islands of blood forming cells

127
Q

At this surface of hepatocytes seen space of disse

A

basolateral

128
Q

at this surface of hepatocytes seen bile canaliculi

A

Apical

129
Q

Hepatocytes have ____ to prevent bile leaking from apical domain

A

Tight junctions

130
Q

Function of peroxisome

A

Oxidases h202 to water and oxygen, detoxification

131
Q

Lysozome function in liver

A

Storage site for ferritin

132
Q

Lysosomal hepatic disease

A

Storage diseases

133
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase function

A

change alcohol to acetaldehyde then acetate

134
Q

Impaired ADH pathway

A

microsomal ethanol oxidising system

135
Q

microsomal ethanol oxidising system produces

A

Oxygen radicals

136
Q

large term consumption of alcohol leads to storage of ___ in liver

A

Fat (fatty liver = steatosis)

137
Q

Smallest branch of biliary tree

A

Bile canaliculi

138
Q

Bile flows in this manner

A

Centrifugally

139
Q

Bile canaliculi transform into this structure

A

Canals of Hering (choleangiole)
=terminal point of network of bile canaliculi on hepatocyte surface

140
Q

Bile flows towards portal space (True or False)

A

True. Portal space is where triad resides

141
Q

Space between lymphatic vessels and limiting plate

A

Space of Mall

142
Q

here originates lymph

A

Space of Mall

143
Q

Biliary tree is lined by

A

cholangiocytes, small cuboidal epithelium

144
Q

Serves as reservoir for liver progenitor cells

A

Canal of Hering

145
Q

Three functional lobes of liver

A

Classic
Portal
Liver acinus

146
Q

This functional lobule is bordered by three triads

A

Portal lobule

147
Q

Portal lobule shows what function of liver?

A

Exocrine function of bile secreting

148
Q

The liver acinus provides info on

A

blood perfusion

149
Q

Bile stasis meaning

A

Bile duct occlusion

150
Q

liver during congestive heart failure (right heart failure)

A

Enlargement of liver due to blood engorgement

151
Q

liver during congestive heart failure (left heart failure)

A

Liver can’t get blood necrosis

152
Q

liver during portal hypertension

A

Liver can’t get portal vein content

153
Q

Carcinoma of the pancreas might occlude this sphincter

A

Sphincter of Oddi

154
Q

Bile consists of

A

bile salt, cholesterol, etc.

155
Q

Bile on bilirubin

A

Conjugates bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin can penetrate everywhere and damage

156
Q

How is the bile found in gallbladder compared to liver secreted?

A

Galbladder concentrates bile 10 fold

157
Q

Galbladder lacks this mucosal layer

A

Muscularis mucosa and Submucosa

158
Q

Deep diverticulum of the mucosa in gallbladder

A

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

159
Q

At Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses this pathology might occur

A

Formation of gallstones due to bacteria accumulation and inflammation

160
Q

Bartu’nun birinci sınıftaki okulunun adı nedir?

A

Koç İlkokulu ! (random bir Koç ama)

NUTI 205 - Histology (2 decks)

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