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Endo/Repro Final > Histology of Follicular Development > Flashcards

Histology of Follicular Development Flashcards

1
Q

2 main supporting mesenteries of the ovary

A 
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx (of broad ligament)
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2
Q

What structure is responsible for:

  • production of female gametes
  • secretion of estrogen and progesterones
  • regulation of postnatal growth of repro organs
  • dev’t of secondary sex characteristics
A

Ovary

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3
Q

Each ovary is lined by an ovarian surface epithelium = ____ _____ epithelium with a peripheral dense CT called the ____ ______

A

Simple squamous-to-low cuboidal; tunica albuginea

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4
Q

Each ovary has a peripheral cortex with a deep medulla.

In which layer would you find CT, interstitial cells, neurovasculature, and lymphatics?

A

Medulla

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5
Q

Each ovary has a peripheral cortex with a deep medulla.

In which layer would you find CT and follicles with primary oocytes? At what stage of meiosis are these oocytes?

A

Cortex; follicles with primary oocytes that are arrested at prophase I

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6
Q

The ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) will form ______ cells and ______ cells which comprise the growing follicles after birth

A

Granulosa; stromal

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7
Q

3 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Ovulatory
  3. Luteal
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8
Q

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle involves the sequential dev’t of several primordial follicles. What are the 5 stages of the follicle as it develops?

A
  1. Primary (unilayered) follicle
  2. Secondary (multilayered) follicle
  3. Pre-antral follicle
  4. Antral follicle
  5. Preovulatory follicle (graafian follicle)
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9
Q

The relative proportions of the follicles are not maintained; mature follicles are much _____ relative to early follicles

A

Larger

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10
Q

A follicle consists of a large, groing oocyte w/a large nucleus and prominent nucleolus. _______ cells surround the oocyte and support its rapid growth

A

Follicular

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11
Q

Cells that have begin 1st meiotic division, arrested at prophase 1

A

Primary oocyte

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12
Q

Single layer of cells that surround a primordial follicle, associated with a basement membrane

A

Follicular cells

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13
Q

Follicular cells that proliferate and become stratified

A

Granulosa cells

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14
Q

Granulosa cells will eventually segregate into what 3 cell groups?

A

Cumulus oophorus

Mural granulosa cells

Corona radiata

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15
Q

Coat of glycoproteins that encases primary oocyte, involved with sperm recognition

A

Zona pellucida

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16
Q

Ovarian stromal cells differentiate and form an outer covering surrounding the follicle, consisting of 2 layers. The _____ _____ is steroid-producing, while the _____ _____ consists of fibroblasts and smooth muscle

A

Theca interna; theca externa

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17
Q

Cells that complete the 1st meiotic division (with LH stimulation), enter meiosis II but arrest at metaphase II

A

Secondary oocytes

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18
Q

______ follicles are numerous throughout the cortex, are about 25 micrometers in diameter and surrouded by a simple squamous layer of granulosa cells

A

Primordial

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19
Q

_____ cells are recruited to the primordial follicles to initiate folliculogenesis

A

Granulosa

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20
Q

Primordial follicles that progress to primary follicles do so when the single layer of squamous granulosa cells becomes a _____ _____ layer of granulosa cells

A

Simple cuboidal

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21
Q

What separates the granulosa cells from the stroma of the ovary?

A

Basal lamina

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22
Q

When the ____ ____ begins to assemble, it separates the primary oocyte fom the granulosa cells

A

Zona pellucida

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23
Q

When primary follicles begin to develop into secondary follicles, the granulosa cells proliferate into a ____ ____ epithelium and the ____ begins to organize

A

Stratified cuboidal; theca

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24
Q

The ______ is a vascularized cell layer adjacent to the basal lamina supporting the granulosa cells

The _____ is a fibrous cellular layer continuous with the ovarian stroma

A

Theca interna

Theca externa

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25
Q

With _____ follicles, small intercellular spaces called ______ develop among the granulosa cells

These spaces contain _______ derived from blood vessels of the theca interna, which reaches the antrum by an osmotic gradient

A

Preantral; call-exner bodies

Follicular fluid

26
Q

Secondary follicle —> preantral follicle can by a close transition, typically determined by the presence of what histological finding?

A

Call-Exner bodies

27
Q

In the antral follicle, call-exner bodies formed in the preantral follicle will coalesce into the ________

A

Antrum

28
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells surrounding the antral follicle?

A

Actively synthesize and secrete estrogen

Produce follicular fluid

29
Q

The ______ follicle is when the antrum has reached its maximum size, and fluid segregates the granulosa cells

A

Preovulatory

30
Q

In the preovulatory follicle, fluid segregates the granulosa cells into:

_______ _____ = anchors the primary oocyte to follicle, nutrient delivery channel

__________ = line wall of follicle

________ = granulosa cells anchored to ZP

A

Cumulus oophorous

Mural granulosa cells

Corona radiata

31
Q

Describe the theca interna vs. theca externa in the preovulatory follicle

A

Theca interna = well-vascularized, elongated cells w/lipid droplets

Theca externa = formed a CT, capsule-like layer, continuous with the ovarian stroma

32
Q

During the ovulatory phase, the mature preovulatory follicle protrudes from the ovarian surface, forming a _________. Proteolytic activity of the theca externa and _______ causes rupture

A

Stigma; tunica albuginea

33
Q

What happens to the gamete released during the ovulatory phase in terms of cellular development?

A

Completes meiosis I and becomes secondary oocyte (due to LH surge), but still needs to finish meiosis II

It then enters the oviduct

34
Q

What cells/cell components repair the ovarian surface epithelium following follicle rupture?

A

Mural granulosa cells and theca interna

35
Q

After ovulation during the luteal phase, the residual mural granulosa cell layer folds and becomes part of the ________

A

Corpus luteum

36
Q

During the luteal phase in a process called luteinization the following events occur:

  1. Breakdown of the follicle ______
  2. Blood vessel invasion of empty antrum, blood flows into the antral space and coagulates, forming a __________
  3. Mural granulosa cells become _________ cells
  4. Theca interna cells become ________ cells
A

Basal lamina

Corpus hemorrhagicum

Granulosa lutein

Theca lutein

37
Q

Function of the corpus luteum is regulated by what 2 gonadotropins?

A

LH

FSH

38
Q

FSH stimulates the production of ____ and _______ from the granulosa lutein cells

LH stimulates the production of _____ and _____ by theca lutein cells. The latter is translocated into the granulosa lutein cells for aromatization into _____

A

Progesterone; estradiol

Progesterone; androstenedione; estradiol

39
Q

During pregnancy, ____ and _____ upregulate the effects of estradiol produced by granulosa lutein cells by enhancing the production of estrogen receptors

Estradiol stimulates granulosa lutein cells to take up _____ from blood, which is then stored in lipid droplets and transported to mitochondria for further progesterone synthesis

A

Prolactin; placental lactogens

Cholesterol

40
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes a process of regression called _______, involving a programmed cell death (apoptosis). It is triggered by endometrial __________

It involves reduction in blood flow, T cell production of IFN-y, and macrophage production of TNF ligand

A

Luteolysis; prostaglandin F2a

41
Q

The corpus luteum promotes endometrial changes that support implantation.

_________ cells have a hypertrophic, steroid-secreting appearance. They secrete progesterone and estrogen with FSH and LH stimulation, and will themselves express LH receptors as an essential step for luteinization

______ cells produce androstenedione and progesterone with LH stimulation

A

Granulosa lutein

Theca lutein

42
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum during the luteal phase if fertilization DOES occur?

A

Corpus luteum continues to enlarge and produce progesterone and estrogen, under the stimulatory action of hCG from the trophoblast layer

43
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum during the luteal phase if fertilization DOES NOT occur?

A

Corpus luteum begins involution stage ~14 days after ovulation

Luteolysis, regression of CL, leads to formation of corpus albicans

Stromal CT replaces degenerating luteal cells

44
Q

_____ _____ is made up of a scar of CT that forms at the site of the corpus luteum after involution

It is mostly collagen (type I) with a few fibroblasts of other cells and eventually becomes very small

A

Corpus ablicans

45
Q

T/F: involution of the corpus luteum typically involves atresia

A

FALSE - involution of the corpus luteum does not involve atresia, it is mediated by macrophages

46
Q

About 7 million primary oocytes exist in the ______ ovary

Approximately 400,000 oocytes remain at ______

Only 400 follicles will ovulate monthly beginning at ______

The remaining follicles degenerate and form ______ follicles

A

Fetal

Birth

Puberty

Atretic

47
Q

______ = failure of a follicle to ovulate; occurs in the fetal ovary, after birth, and at any stage of development

A

Atresia

48
Q

What is the purpose of follicular atresia?

A

Ensures that only viable follicles, containing oocytes of optimal quality for fertilization, are available

49
Q

______ is the primary mechanism for follicular atresia, ensuring regression of the follicle without causing an inflammatory response

A

Apoptosis

50
Q

During apoptosis process of follicular atresia, a ______ membrane is formed which is thick, folded, basement membrane material

A folded _____ _____ and apoptotic fragmented oocyte can also be seen

A

Glassy

Zona pellucida

51
Q

In the absence of fertilization, the CL undergoes involution and regression (proteolysis). Luteal cells are phagocytized by _____ and the former corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans

A

Macrophages

52
Q

During the luteal phase, the antral cavity fills with blood/cell debris, becoming the _________ which is removed by ________

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum; macrophages

53
Q

When the antral cavity fills with blood/cell debris, the _______ cells collapse into antral cavity, which is filled with cholesterol esters, theca, blood vessels, WBCs

A

Granulosa lutein

54
Q

Granulosa lutein cells are often _____in color d/t carotenoid pigment, lutein

A

Yellow

55
Q

The corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans if fertilization does not occur; if fertilization does occur, _______ will rescue the corpus luteum so that it remains viable for duration of pregnancy, which is similar in structure to LH

A

hCG

56
Q

During pregnancy, the corpus luteum produces increasing progesterone — what is its primary function?

A

Transforms uterine lining into adhesive and supportive structure important for implantation and early pregnancy

57
Q

There is a transient decrease in _____ following LH surge, which rebounds and peaks midluteal phase.

Progesterone and estrogen reduce LH to basal levels; ______ compensates for this decline

A

Estrogen

hCG

58
Q

Lutein cells secrete _____ which suppresses FSH in pregnancy, this is so that additional follicles are not produced in pregnancy

A

Inhibin A

59
Q

_______ = demise of an ovarian follicle; predominant process in the ovary that can occur at any time during development

A

Follicular atresia

60
Q

During atresia, the ______ and ______ undergo apoptosis, however ______ cells persist and repopulate the cellular stroma of the ovary

A

Granulosa cells; oocytes; thecal

61
Q

Thecal cells retain LH receptors and the ability to produce ______; collectively they are referred to as the _______ gland of the ovary

A

Androgens; interstitial

Endo/Repro Final (20 decks)

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