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SF2- Exam 3 > Histology of Ear > Flashcards

Histology of Ear Flashcards

1
Q

The pinna is covered by what type of epithelium?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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2
Q

The external auditory canal is also ___________cartilage

A

elastic

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3
Q

•Moving toward the tympanic membrane, the eardrum is covered by skin on the external side, which is _______________

A

simple squamous or simple cuboidal epithelium.

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4
Q

The ___________ seperates the tympanic membrane and the components of the inner ear.

A

Tympanic cavity

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5
Q

•The Eustachian tube or auditory tube connects the middle ear to the____________

A

Nasopharynx

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6
Q

Label

A
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7
Q

Label

A

The membranous labyrinth

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8
Q

The endolymphatic sac is in the _________ space

A

subdural

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9
Q

What is another name for the cochlear duct?

A

Scala Media

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10
Q

Perilymphatic duct connects with the____________space

A

subarachnoid

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11
Q

What are the components of the bony labyrinth?

A

•Scala vestibuli and scala tympani

– of cochlea

•Semicircular canals

– w/ semicircular ducts

•Vestibule

– w/ saccule & utricle

•Perilymphatic duct

– connects with the subarachnoid space

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12
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with ______

The bony labyrinth is filled with__________

A

endolymph

perilymph

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13
Q

What is the ionic composition of the endolymph?

A

High potassium, low sodium

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14
Q

What is the ionic composition of the perilymph?

A

High Sodium, Low Potassium

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Ménière’s Disease?

A

–Vertigo

–Nausea & vomiting

–Nystagmus

–Tinnitus

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16
Q

Ménière’s Disease is caused by an increase in volume of _____________.

A

Endolymph

*usually involves only one ear

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17
Q

The semicircular canals can sense __________ rotation.

A

angular

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18
Q

The utricle and saccule are apart of the vestibular system, what do they sense?

A

Gravity and linear acceleration

*They can send us information about our position with respect to gravity.

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19
Q

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are chambers of the _____________labyrinth. Scala media is part of the ___________labyrinth.

A

bony; membranous

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20
Q

The scala media houses the structure that actually allows us to hear which is the ____________.

A

organ of corti.

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21
Q

What structure separates the scala tympani from the scala media?

A

Reissner’s membrane

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22
Q

The medial portion of the cochlea is filled with the bony modiolus (part of the petrous bone), through which the _____________ runs.

A

cochlear nerve

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23
Q

What innervates the organ of corti?

A

Bipolar neurons of the spiral ganglion

*Forms the cochlear nerve

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24
Q

What type of epithelium covers the cochlea?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

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25
Q

The ______________is actually the place where the endolymph is being made and secreted.

A

stria vascularis

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26
Q

What type of cells are found in the spiral ganglion?

A

Bipolar cells

27
Q

Label.

A
28
Q

The spiral ligament is thickening of the ____________.

A

periosteum

29
Q

Label

A
30
Q

What are the components of the stria vascularis? What is it’s function?

A

•Vascular epithelium

•Secretes endolymph

  • Proper function essential for normal hearing
  • Contains a few melanocytes, also needed for normal hearing
31
Q

The organ of Corti sits on the basilar membrane, which connects the _____________with the spiral ligament.

A

osseous spiral lamina

32
Q

What connects the osseous spiral lamina with the spiral ligament?

A

The basilar membrane on which the organ of Corti sits

33
Q

How do sound waves pass the round window?

A

They travel around the round window

NOTE: The oval footplate of the stapes contacts the oval window

34
Q

What is the flow of sound waves through the ear?

A
  1. Air transmitted sound waves are directed first by the pinna, which gently funnels sound waves into the ear canal, then by the ear canal.
  2. When air movement strikes the tympanic membrane, the tympanic membrane or eardrum moves. The energy generated through a sound wave is transferred from a medium of air to that which is solid in the middle ear. The ossicular chain of the middle ear connects to the eardrum via the malleus, so that any motion of the eardrum sets the three little bones of the ossicular chain into motion.
  3. The ossicular chain transfers energy from a solid medium to the fluid medium of the inner ear via the stapes. The stapes is attached to the oval window. Movement of the oval window creates motion in the cochlear fluid and along the Basilar membrane. Motion along the basilar membrane excites frequency specific areas of the Organ of Corti, which in turn stimulates a series of nerve endings.
  4. With the initiation of the nerve impulses, another change in medium occurs: from fluid to neural. Nerve impulses are relayed through the VIII C.N., through various nuclei along the auditory pathway to areas to the brain. It is the brain that interprets the neural impulses and creates a thought, picture, or other recognized symbol.
35
Q

The __________ (malleus/stapes/ incus) is connected to the tympanic membrane and the _________ (malleus/stapes/ incus) is connected to the oval window, and the __________ (malleus/stapes/ incus) connects the malleus and the stapes.

A

malleus; stapes; incus

36
Q

. The __________ window is connected to the scala vestibuli.

A

oval

*Because there is vibration going on, those vibrations are being transmitted to the vestibular membrane or the Reisner’s membrane, and down to the basilar membrane. Those vibrations activate the receptor cells that are in the scala media and organ of Corti that lie in the cochlear duct.

37
Q

The vibrations will leave the cochlea at the __________

A

round window.

38
Q

What is the heliotrema?

A

The helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells near this area best detect low frequency sounds.

39
Q

Label

A
40
Q

What cells are found within the oragan of corti?

A

Inner and outer hair cells

Phalangeal cells

Pillar cells.

41
Q

What are the functions of the inner and outer hair cells, respectively?

A

Inner hair cells transduce sound

Outer hair cells contract to increase the sensitivity to sound. They move the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane.

42
Q

Are stereocilia cilia?

A

Nope. They are long microvilli

43
Q

StereoCilia of hair cells have several unconventional myosins. Mutations in some of these myosins can cause ___________.

A

deafness.

*When sound comes into the cochlear duct, the stereocilia will move around and depolarize the hair cell. The sterocilia are essentially microvilli so they are composed of actin filaments and have a lot of myosins in them as well.

44
Q

How is there coordinated movement between the stereocilia of any different hair cells?

A

•The tip links and the ankle links connect the stereocilia together, so when one moves all move. There are specific proteins in there and if there is a mutation in any of these myosins that will lead to deafness.

NOTE: Tip links are extracellular filaments that connect stereocilia to each other or to the kinocilium in the hair cells of the inner ear. Mechanotransduction is thought to occur at the site of the tip links.

45
Q

Stereocilia are linked by _________.

A

tip links.

46
Q

Stereocilia are bathed in ____________. Basolaterally, the hair cells are bathed in ___________.

A

endolymph; perilymph

47
Q

The efferent fibers synapse onto the ______hair cells.

A

outer

*Goes to show that outer hair cells receive input from the CNS

48
Q

Label

A
49
Q

What happens after endolymph is secreted by the stria vascularis?

A

The stria vascularis is making endolymph and it is being recycled because it rushes into the hair cells when they are activated and then they are recycled back to the stria vascularis.

50
Q

Potassium entering hair cells leaves the cells again on their basolateral side (going down its concentration gradient), and is recycled back to the stria vascularis via __________.

A

gap junctions

*Mutations in some connexins can cause deafness

51
Q

Along the cochlea where are high pitches required? What bout low pitches?

A

Starting near the oval window it is more stiff and then as it goes up it gets wider and more flexible. So because it is so stiff you need a high pitch to move the basilar membrane. At the tip its extremely flexible so a lower pitch can vibrate the basilar membrane (near helicotrema)

52
Q

How is the frequency of a perceived sound determined?

A

The frequency (pitch) of the perceived sound is determined by which part of the cochlear duct/basilar membrane is activated.

53
Q

How is the intensity or loudness of a perceived sound determined?

A

•The intensity or volume of the sound is determined by how many hair cells in a given location are being stimulated.

54
Q

What are the vestibular organs and where are they found?

A

Crista ampullares: in semicircular ducts

Maculae: in saccule and utricle

55
Q

How do the hair cells of the vestibularorgans differ from hair cells of the cochlea?

A

Vestibular Organs Have Type I and Type II Hair Cells. Type I and Type II hair cells have a kinocilium (a true cilium) and stereocilia

56
Q

Type 1 hair cells have a ___________structures being made from the afferents and efferent fibers and the vesicles are located near there too. Type II cells, there is a _________ structure that embraces the entire hair cell, and these also have afferent and efferent fibers so they send and receive information.

A

ribbon like; round

57
Q

Movement of the stereocilia towards the kinocilium ________ (depolarizes/hyperpolarizes) the hair cell, while movement away from the kinocilium ____________ (depolarizes/hyperpolarizes) it.

A

depolarizes; hyperpolarizes

58
Q

The __________is the crest of the ampulla.

A

Cupula

59
Q

The crista ampullares senses _________rotation of the head.

A

angular

60
Q

Label

A
61
Q

The maculae are located in the saccule and utricle, both located in the __________ of the inner ear.

A

vestibule

62
Q

The macula of the inner ear senses __________ acceleration of the head.

A

linear

63
Q

__________ of the otoliths causes the otolithic membrane to lag behind, bending the stereocilia

A

Inertia

64
Q

What is the difference betweent eh crista ampularis and macula response to stimuli?

A

Similar to the crista ampulares which is where you have a gel like material with hair cell receptors embedded in the gel. What is different is that in the gel like material, there are little stones that are called otoliths, there the gel structure is called the otilithic membrane.

SF2- Exam 3 (12 decks)

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