histology of blood vessels/cells

Question 1

what are the different types of blood vessels?: from arteries to veins….

Answer 1

arteries→elastic arteries→muscular arteries→arterioles→terminal arterioles→metarterioles→capillaries→venules→post capillary venules→veins

Question 2

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

Answer 2

-arteries
-capillaries
-veins

Question 3

What are the 3 layer structures of blood vessels?

Answer 3

-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica adventitia

Question 4

what is the tunica intima composed of?

Answer 4

-single layer of squamous epithelial cells
-basal lamina
-thin layer of connective tissue

Question 5

what is the tunica media composed of?

Answer 5

-predominatley smooth muscle

Question 6

what is the tunica adventitia composed of?

Answer 6

-supporting connective tissue
-elastic fibres (visible through specialized stains→black) and collagen

Question 7

how is the tunica intima separated from the tunica media

Answer 7

internal elastic membrane

Question 8

how is the tunica media separated from the tunica adventitia

Answer 8

external elastic membrane

Question 9

tunica media is thicker in arteries or veins?

Answer 9

arteries

Question 10

tunica adventitia is thicker in arteries or veins

Answer 10

veins

Question 11

what are the 2 types of arteries?

Answer 11

-elastic arteries
-musclar arteries

Question 12

what are elastic arteries?

Answer 12

larger arteries→significant amount of smooth muscle is replaced by sheets of plastic fibres

Question 13

why are larger arteries (aorta) called elastic arteries?

Answer 13

have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil for blood under high pressure

Question 14

what is a vasa vasorum?

Answer 14

-network of small blood vessels which supply blood to larger blood vessels
-vascular supply of larger arteries
-allows blood to be pumped through veins while simultaneously pumping blood in arteries

Question 15

what are arterioles?

Answer 15

-smallest division of muscular arteries

Question 16

what are arterioles composed of?

Answer 16

1/2 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and almost no tunica adventitia

Question 17

what are terminal arterioles composed of?

Answer 17

-no internal lmania
-convered by continuous smooth muscle cells

Question 18

what are metarterioles composed of?

Answer 18

-smooth muscle cells is replaced by discontinuous non-contrite pericyte cells

Question 19

what are capillaries composed of?

Answer 19

-endothelial cells
-basal lamina

Question 20

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

Answer 20

-continuous
-fenestrated
-discontinuous/sinusoidal

Question 21

what are continuous capillaries and where are found?

Answer 21

-no pores
-found in:
→muscle
→nerve
→skin
→lung

Question 22

what are fenestrated capillaries and where are they found?

Answer 22

-small pores between endothelial cells
-basal lamina is continuous
-found in:
→gut mucosa
→endocrine glands
→kidney

Question 23

what are discontinuous capillaries and where are they found?

Answer 23

-large pores between endothelial cells and basal lamina
-found in:
→liver
→spleen
→bone marrow

Question 24

what is the structure of microvasculature? from small arterioles to post capillary venules

Answer 24

-Small arteriole→metarteriole→thoroughfare channels →capillaries→pre-capillary sphincters(smooth muscle=regulate blood flow)→postcapillary venule

Question 25

what are venules composed of?

Answer 25

intermittent smooth muscle in tunica media

Question 26

what are post capillary venules composed of?

Answer 26

endothelium and thin layer of connective tissue

Question 27

what are veins composed of?

Answer 27

-tunica intima -thin continuous tunica media -obvious tunica adventitia

Question 28

what is the lymphatic vascular system?

Answer 28

thin walled vessels that drain excess tissue fluid (lymph) into the blood stream

Question 29

how does the lymphatic vascular system produce flow

Answer 29

→Pressure in the tissue →Muscle contraction →Valves in the vessels

Question 30

how can blood be separated?

Answer 30

-spinning in a centrifuge

Question 31

where is most of the blood in the body found?

Answer 31

-peripheral veins→heart & lungs→peripheral arteries→capillaries

Question 32

what is the average adult blood volume?

Answer 32

4.5-6 L

Question 33

how does separated blood present itself in a tube?

Answer 33

→RBC on the bottom =densest →white blood cells →Plasma on the top=liquid portion of blood →if clotting factors are removed remaining fluid=serum

Question 34

what 2 things are blood made from?

Answer 34

-formed elements (45%) -plasma (55%)

Question 35

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 35

-red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets

Question 36

what are the 2 classes of white blood cells

Answer 36

-granulocytes -agranulocytes

Question 37

what is another name for red blood cells

Answer 37

erythrocytes

Question 38

what is another name for white blood cells

Answer 38

leukocytes

Question 39

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 39

-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils

Question 40

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

Answer 40

-monocytes -lymphocytes

Question 41

what is plasma composed of?

Answer 41

-water (90%) -Protein (mostly albumin, immunoglobulins, clotting factors) -Nutrients/ salts

Question 42

what characteristic do erythrocytes have?

Answer 42

-no true nucleus/organelles -shaped as a biconcave disc -1/3 volume of haemoglobin -survives in isotonic solution -flexible cytoskeleton

Question 43

what is a hematocrit?

Answer 43

the proportion of blood in red blood cells

Question 44

what is the average hematocrit for males and females?

Answer 44

-males=42 -females=38

Question 45

what are platelets?

Answer 45

-small cell fragments in large #'s -play a key role in hemostasis (blood loss) -no nucleus→some organelles

Question 46

what are granulocytes?

Answer 46

white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm

Question 47

what are agranulocytes?

Answer 47

white blood cells with NO granules in their cytoplasm

Question 48

what are neutrophils?

Answer 48

-(40-75%) -multi-lobed nucleus -circulate in a dormant phase, but when stimulated they become phagocytes -granules not stained by acidic or basic dyes=neutral dye -abundant and short lived

Question 49

what are eosinophils?

Answer 49

-(5%) -bilobed nucleus -granules satin in acidic RED dye (eosin) -granules contain hydrolytic enzymes -responsible for causing and maintaining inflammation. -circulate for 8-12 hours then return to tissues -larger than neutrophils

Question 50

what are basophils?

Answer 50

-(0.5%)→rarest granulocyte -bilobed nucleus -granules stain in basic dye (PURPLE/BLUE) -Effector cells in allergic reactions

Question 51

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 51

-(20-50%) -small round nucleus -consists of B and T cells → B cells: generate antibody secreting plasma cells → T cells: differentiate in thymus and have many defensive mechanisms

Question 52

what are monocytes?

Answer 52

-(1-5%) -largets type of white blood cell -non lobulated nucleus (kidney shaped) -precursours (announcers) of tissue macrophages -mainly found in loose connective tissue

Question 53

what do monocytes and tissue macrophages form?

Answer 53

mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 54

what is a characteristic of cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system

Answer 54

some are wanders but some remain in particular tissues -kupffer cells (liver) -microgila (brain) -Langerhan's cells (skin)

Question 55

what is hematopoiesis?

Answer 55

production go blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow

Question 56

what and when is the earliest blood production in humans?

Answer 56

-erythrocytes -about 3 weeks into gestation, from hemopoietic stem cells -most development of blood is within 2nd trimester

Question 57

where is blood developed?

Answer 57

bone marrow

Question 58

what happens to hematopesis as bones grow?

Answer 58

-hemaotpesis stops -capacity is reached as bones enlarge

Question 59

what are megakaryoctyes

Answer 59

-large cells of bone marrow that produce platelets -large nucleus=no cell division

Question 60

where are self renewing pluripotent stem cells found?

Answer 60

-bone marrow -can create all blood cells including lymphocytes

Question 61

what is colony forming unity-GEMM (CFU-GEMM?

Answer 61

pluripotent stem cell that can create all blood cells EXCEPT lymphocytes