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uni > histology of blood vessels/cells > Flashcards

histology of blood vessels/cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of blood vessels?: from arteries to veins….

A

arteries→elastic arteries→muscular arteries→arterioles→terminal arterioles→metarterioles→capillaries→venules→post capillary venules→veins

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries
-capillaries
-veins

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3
Q

What are the 3 layer structures of blood vessels?

A

-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica adventitia

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4
Q

what is the tunica intima composed of?

A

-single layer of squamous epithelial cells
-basal lamina
-thin layer of connective tissue

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5
Q

what is the tunica media composed of?

A

-predominatley smooth muscle

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6
Q

what is the tunica adventitia composed of?

A

-supporting connective tissue
-elastic fibres (visible through specialized stains→black) and collagen

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7
Q

how is the tunica intima separated from the tunica media

A

internal elastic membrane

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8
Q

how is the tunica media separated from the tunica adventitia

A

external elastic membrane

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9
Q

tunica media is thicker in arteries or veins?

A

arteries

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10
Q

tunica adventitia is thicker in arteries or veins

A

veins

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of arteries?

A

-elastic arteries
-musclar arteries

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12
Q

what are elastic arteries?

A

larger arteries→significant amount of smooth muscle is replaced by sheets of plastic fibres

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13
Q

why are larger arteries (aorta) called elastic arteries?

A

have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil for blood under high pressure

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14
Q

what is a vasa vasorum?

A

-network of small blood vessels which supply blood to larger blood vessels
-vascular supply of larger arteries
-allows blood to be pumped through veins while simultaneously pumping blood in arteries

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15
Q

what are arterioles?

A

-smallest division of muscular arteries

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16
Q

what are arterioles composed of?

A

1/2 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media and almost no tunica adventitia

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17
Q

what are terminal arterioles composed of?

A

-no internal lmania
-convered by continuous smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

what are metarterioles composed of?

A

-smooth muscle cells is replaced by discontinuous non-contrite pericyte cells

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19
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

-endothelial cells
-basal lamina

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

-continuous
-fenestrated
-discontinuous/sinusoidal

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21
Q

what are continuous capillaries and where are found?

A

-no pores
-found in:
→muscle
→nerve
→skin
→lung

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22
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries and where are they found?

A

-small pores between endothelial cells
-basal lamina is continuous
-found in:
→gut mucosa
→endocrine glands
→kidney

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23
Q

what are discontinuous capillaries and where are they found?

A

-large pores between endothelial cells and basal lamina
-found in:
→liver
→spleen
→bone marrow

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24
Q

what is the structure of microvasculature? from small arterioles to post capillary venules

A

-Small arteriole→metarteriole→thoroughfare channels →capillaries→pre-capillary sphincters(smooth muscle=regulate blood flow)→postcapillary venule

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25
Q

what are venules composed of?

A

intermittent smooth muscle in tunica media

26
Q

what are post capillary venules composed of?

A

endothelium and thin layer of connective tissue

27
Q

what are veins composed of?

A

-tunica intima
-thin continuous tunica media
-obvious tunica adventitia

28
Q

what is the lymphatic vascular system?

A

thin walled vessels that drain excess tissue fluid (lymph) into the blood stream

29
Q

how does the lymphatic vascular system produce flow

A

→Pressure in the tissue
→Muscle contraction
→Valves in the vessels

30
Q

how can blood be separated?

A

-spinning in a centrifuge

31
Q

where is most of the blood in the body found?

A

-peripheral veins→heart & lungs→peripheral arteries→capillaries

32
Q

what is the average adult blood volume?

A

4.5-6 L

33
Q

how does separated blood present itself in a tube?

A

→RBC on the bottom =densest
→white blood cells
→Plasma on the top=liquid portion of blood
→if clotting factors are removed remaining fluid=serum

34
Q

what 2 things are blood made from?

A

-formed elements (45%)
-plasma (55%)

35
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

36
Q

what are the 2 classes of white blood cells

A

-granulocytes
-agranulocytes

37
Q

what is another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

38
Q

what is another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

39
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

40
Q

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

-monocytes
-lymphocytes

41
Q

what is plasma composed of?

A

-water (90%)
-Protein (mostly albumin, immunoglobulins, clotting factors)
-Nutrients/ salts

42
Q

what characteristic do erythrocytes have?

A

-no true nucleus/organelles
-shaped as a biconcave disc
-1/3 volume of haemoglobin
-survives in isotonic solution
-flexible cytoskeleton

43
Q

what is a hematocrit?

A

the proportion of blood in red blood cells

44
Q

what is the average hematocrit for males and females?

A

-males=42
-females=38

45
Q

what are platelets?

A

-small cell fragments in large #’s
-play a key role in hemostasis (blood loss)
-no nucleus→some organelles

46
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm

47
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

white blood cells with NO granules in their cytoplasm

48
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

-(40-75%)
-multi-lobed nucleus
-circulate in a dormant phase, but when stimulated they become phagocytes
-granules not stained by acidic or basic dyes=neutral dye
-abundant and short lived

49
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

-(5%)
-bilobed nucleus
-granules satin in acidic RED dye (eosin)
-granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
-responsible for causing and maintaining inflammation.
-circulate for 8-12 hours then return to tissues
-larger than neutrophils

50
Q

what are basophils?

A

-(0.5%)→rarest granulocyte
-bilobed nucleus
-granules stain in basic dye (PURPLE/BLUE)
-Effector cells in allergic reactions

51
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

-(20-50%)
-small round nucleus
-consists of B and T cells
→ B cells: generate antibody secreting plasma cells
→ T cells: differentiate in thymus and have many defensive mechanisms

52
Q

what are monocytes?

A

-(1-5%)
-largets type of white blood cell
-non lobulated nucleus (kidney shaped)
-precursours (announcers) of tissue macrophages
-mainly found in loose connective tissue

53
Q

what do monocytes and tissue macrophages form?

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

54
Q

what is a characteristic of cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

some are wanders but some remain in particular tissues
-kupffer cells (liver)
-microgila (brain)
-Langerhan’s cells (skin)

55
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

production go blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow

56
Q

what and when is the earliest blood production in humans?

A

-erythrocytes
-about 3 weeks into gestation, from hemopoietic stem cells
-most development of blood is within 2nd trimester

57
Q

where is blood developed?

A

bone marrow

58
Q

what happens to hematopesis as bones grow?

A

-hemaotpesis stops
-capacity is reached as bones enlarge

59
Q

what are megakaryoctyes

A

-large cells of bone marrow that produce platelets
-large nucleus=no cell division

60
Q

where are self renewing pluripotent stem cells found?

A

-bone marrow
-can create all blood cells including lymphocytes

61
Q

what is colony forming unity-GEMM (CFU-GEMM?

A

pluripotent stem cell that can create all blood cells EXCEPT lymphocytes

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