histology: neurology Flashcards
What is the two parts of the nervous system
- Central nervous system: brain, optic nerve & spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves, afferent, efferent & spinal nerve
From what does the central nervous system develop
Neural tube
From what does the peripheral & autonomous nerve system form
Neural crest cells
How does the brain develop
- Initially the periventricular zone is formed & where neurogenesis occur
- Some neuro- & glioblasts cells undergo radial migration radiating out wards to cortical area (superficial area) forming cortical grey matter
- Some neuro- & glioblasts cells migrate closely to periventricular zone forming aggregation & forming nuclei/subcortical grey matter
- White matter form axons to connect cortical & subcortical grey matter
- Pial surface also form
What is neurogenesis
Formation of specialised neural cells
What is the pial surface
Meninges
What is the four basic parts of a neuron
- Dendrites that is input processes
- Cell body that integrates & process
- Axon that is the site of electrical signalling
- Synapse connecting to other
What is the two classification systems of neurons
- Structural classification
- Functional classification
What is the three structural classifications
- Unipolar: single primary process
- Bipolar: two distinct processes
- Multipolar: single axon with multiple dendrites in vertebrates
What is the most common structural classification of neuron
Multipolar
Where do you get bipolar neurons
Retina & olfactory system
Where do you get pseudo unipola neurons
Somatosensory information
What is the functional classification of neurons
- Sensory neuron: bring information to CNS
- Interneuron: integrate & connects sensory & motor neurons
- Motor neuron: response to muscles
What is the two direction of axonal transport
- Retrograde transport: movement towards cell body
- Anterograde transport: movement towards synapse
What protein is involved in fast axonal transport
Kinesis
What protein is involved in slow axonal transport
Neurofilaments
What is neurofilaments
Neurons contains specific cytoskeletal filament proteins
How is neurons excited
Electrically
What is the four functions of glial cells
- Structural & metabolic support
- Protection
- Guidance of axon growth in development
- Role in repair process
What is the four glial cells in the central nervous system
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Microglia
- Oligodendrocytes
What is the five functions of astrocytes
- Helps form BBB
- Regulate tissue fluid composition
- Provide structural support
- Replace damaged neurons
- Regulate neural development
What does astrocytes look like
Star like cells
What is cell type is ependymal cells
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells that lines cavities/ventricles in brain & spinal cord with cilia
What is the two functions of ependymal cells
- Assists in conduction & circulation of CSF
- May be involved in neurogenesis
