Histology Lab 7-11 Flashcards
List the differences of the newborn and adult aortas
Newborn:
Thinner intima
Many wavy elastic fibers in media
Adult:
Thicker intima with orange fatty streaks/plaques
Less elastic and flattened media
Both have adventitia
Discuss the pathology associated w/muscular arteries
Thickening of the muscular artery wall due to combination of hypertrophy of muscular media and fibrosis of intima.
Narrowing of lumen and ischemia to tissue supplied by artery.
Identify the pathology indicated by the green arrow
Hyaline arteriolosclelrosis:
Thickening of the arteriolar wall due to deposition of proteinaceous material.
Narrow lumen
Identify the pathology
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis:
Changes in arterioles of patients with accelerated/malignant hypertension.
Proliferation of cells in wall of arteriole.
Luminal obstruction.
What are the key features of a medium artery?
Tunica intima
Width of tunica media = width of adventitia
Tunica media compost of smooth muscle cells
External elastic membrane
Internal elastic membrane
Name the structures in the purple and black boxes.
Purple box: External elastic membrane
Black box: Internal elastic membrane
What are the key features of an arteriole?
Well defined regular lumen.
Intima: squamous endothelial cells
Media: 2 layers of smooth muscle
Adventia
Resistance vessel
What are the key features of a capillary?
Single layer of squamous epithelial cells.
Diffusion of gases and nutrients
What are the key features of a venule?
Tunica intima: hard to distinguish
Tunica media: discontinuous layer of smooth mm
Tunica adventitia: blends into surrounding CT
Less defined irregular lumen
What are the key features of a medium vein?
Tunica intima: layer of endothelial cells and thin sub-endothelial layer composed of few smooth mm and CT
Tunica media: few layers of smooth mm and some elastin
Tunica adventitia: thickest layer, smooth mm, CT, elastin
Presence of VALVES
Contain 70% of body’s blood
What are the key features of a large vein?
Tunica intima
Tunica media: layer of circular smooth mm
Tunica adventitia: layer of longitudinal smooth mm
Holds large volume of blood.
Smooth mm facilitiates uni-directional movement of blood back to heart against gravity.
What are the key features of a lymphatic vessel?
Valves that ensure uni-diredtional flow.
Simple squamous epithelium.
Lymph in lumen.
Found in submucosa.
Discuss the pathology
Coronary artery with atherosclerosis.
Thickened tunica intima layer.
Placque with lipids and foam cells.
Narrowed lumen.
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening or thickening of the walls of arteries or arterioles.
Atherosclerosis
A form of arteriosclerosis where hardening of the walls is d/t fatty substances in the inner lining of arterial walls.
Arterioloscleriosis
Changes in arterioles that may cause ischemic damage to the tissues they supply.
Discuss the pathology
Aortic dissection:
Tear in tunica intima that leads to blood tracking into tunica media.
Consequence of age, chronic HTN, atherosclerosis, CT disorders, trauma, or vessel damage during surgery
Discuss the pathology
Likely LVH because:
Enlarged rectangular nuclei
Thicker myocytes
Fibrosis between mm cells
Discuss the pathology indicated by the purple lines
Sclerosed glomeruli:
Nephrosclerosis d/t HTN
Ischemia to glomeruli
Sclerosis of glomerulus
Atrophy of tubules
Discuss the pathology
HTN hemorrhage:
Hemorrhage in cerebral tissue
Numerous RBCs
Discuss the pathology. What is indicated by the dark blue arrow?
Purple arrows?
Invasive squamous cells carcinoma of the tongue
Dark blue arrow:
Carcinoma invading beyond basement membrane
Carcinoma cells with enlarged pleomorphic nuclei & mitotic figures
Keratin pearls
Purple arrow: Normal epithelium of the tongue
Identify the tissue
Sublingual gland:
Mixed seromucous gland
Lobules of mucus and serous-secreting cells arranged in grape-like acini.
Serous demilunes on mucous acini.
Striated ducts that resorb Na+, creating hypotonic secretion.
Interlobular ducts lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium.
What is the function of saliva?
Lubrication and protection of oral cavity.
Aids in digestion.
Serves immune role.
Identify the tissue and the components indicated.
Parotid gland
Purely serous glands
Ducts
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Identify the pathology
Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland.
Haphazard mixture of glandular and stromal tissue.
Capsule of adenoma.
Discuss the layers of the esophagus.
Mucosa:
NKSSE
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae: localized movements of the esophageal lumen
Submucosa:
Irregular dense CT rich in blood and lymphatics
Submucosal glands that secrete acidic mucin onto inner epithelium.
Muscularis externa:
Inner circular and outer longitudinal
Upper 1/3 all SKM
Middle 1/3 inner smooth, outer SKM
Lower 1/3 all smooth mm
Adventitia:
Irregular CT, adipose tissue, nerves and bvs.
Anchors esophagus to neighbouring structures.
Identify the layers
Identify the structure
Gastroesophageal junction:
Z-line where abrupt change from NKSSE to simple columnar
Identify the pathology in this section of the esophagus
Barrett’s Esophagus:
Metaplastic glandular epithelium
Goblet cells
Inflammation of the lamina propria and epithelium.
Metaplasia d/t backward flow of stomach contents through LES.
Increased risk of dysplastic change and development of invasive adenocarcinoma
Discuss the changes seen in this esophageal dysplasia
Barrett esophagus with metaplastic columnar epithelium.
HIgh power:
Nuclear pleomorphism
Nuclear hyperchromasia
No invasion of BM
Discuss the pathological changes seen in this esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Low Power: normal squamous with carcinoma extending bellow it.
High Power: Enlarged pleomorphic nuclei w/ nucleoli and mitotic figures.
Squamous cell carcinoma of upper 2/3 of esophagus related to tobacco and EtOH use.
Adenocarcinoma of distal 1/3 related to GERD and Barrett esophagus.
Identify the structure
Stomach
Mucosa:
Large folds (rugae) flatten as stomach stretches.
Simple columnar epithelium w/mucin granules
Gastric pits that dip down even further to gastric glands.
Gastric glands secrete mucus, acid, digestive enzymes.
Muscularis mucosaie for localized mvmt.
Submucosa: highly vascularized and innervated CT layer
Muscularis externa: mix chyme and expel it to small intestine.
Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
Serosa: moist slippery surface of mesothelial cells.
Produces thin film of serous fluid
Identify the cells
Yellow arrows: Parietal cells
Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
Blue arrows: Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen I & II and lipase
Identify the area
Gastroduodenal Junction:
Gradual transition from gastric mucosa to villous epithelium of duodenum.
Identify the area
Duodenum
Mucosa: broad leaf-shaped villi
Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) with microvilli
Goblet cells
Epithelium dips down to musclaris mucosae forming crypts
Submucosa:
Brunner’s glands
Muscularis externa: 2 layers
Adentitia/Serosa: some area lined by adventitia and some by serosa
Identify the structures indicated by the blue arrows
Brunner’s glands:
Secrete alkaline glycoprotien to buffer HCl from stomach
What are the functions of the duodenum?
Absorption of nutrients
Mixing, breaking down of food w/enzymes
Brush border to increase SA for absorption
Identify the pathology
Duodenal Ulcer:
Necrotic debris and inflammatory cells (ulcer slough).
No muscularis propria
Will present clinically with hematemesis or melena.
May be secondary to H.Pylori, NSAID use.
Identify the pathology
Celiac Disease:
Flattening of villi
Lengthening of crypts
Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in LP
Increased intra-epithelial lymphocytes
Triggered by gluten intolerance.
Clinical presentation: wt loss, anemia, steatorrhea
Identify the structure
Jejunum
Has most extensive area for secretion and absoption.
Mucosa is mostly villi and crypts.
Identify the structure
Jejunum
Mucosa:
Large tall finger shaped villi
Columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes)
Microvilli
Goblet cells
Cellular and vascularized LP
Identify the structure
Villus of Jejunum w/ lacteal and micro villi
Function of jejunum
Absorption of nutrients
Lacteal absorbs dietary fat
Fat+ lymph = chyme
Identify the structure
Ileum
Mucosa:
Stubby club-shaped villi
Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes)
Microvilli
Goblet cells
Large single lacteal in LP
Base of crypts contains Lymphocytic patches/Paneth cells
Submucosa:
CT w/nerves, bvs, lymphatics, Peyer’s Patches/aggregates of lymphoid tissue
What type of specialized cell is shown here?
Function?
Location?
Lymphocytic patches/Paneth cells
Secretory cells that secrete antimicrobial agents.
Found throughout small intestine
Difference btwn ileum and jejunum?
Jejunum has more folds.
Ileum has more goblet cells and GALT in the wall.
What is this structure?
Function?
Location?
Peyer’s patches/aggregates of lymphoid tissue.
Immunity.
Ileum.
Identify the structure
Colon
Mucosa:
Lacks villi
Deep glands/crypts
Large number of goblet cells
LP is highly cellular, contains GALT
Submucosa:
Typical
Submucosal/Meissner’s Plexus under submucosa
Colon stores intestinal contents before discharge, absorbs water, secretes mucus for protection and lubrication.
Wall of colon has 4 concentric layers.
Function of Submucosal Plexus
Controls local muscle intestinal secretion, local absorption, and local contraction.
Found under sub-mucosa.
Function of Myenteric plexus
Peristaltic movement of the bowels.
Found between circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis externa.
Identify the pathology
Invasive colon andenocarcinoma.
Not contained by basement membrane.
Ulceration of surface.
Edges of carcinoma are raised relative to normal epithelium.
Higher mag:
Enlarged pleomorphic nuclei with nucleoli and mitotic figures.
Necrotic debris.
Identify the pathology
Ulcerative colitis
Low mag:
Fewer crypts
Branched crypts
Crypts do not extend to muscularis mucosae
Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate
High mag:
Neuts line crypt walls
Crypt abscess: neuts in lumen of crypt
Identify the structure
Appendix
Similar structure to colon.
Large number of lyphoid follicles in LP. B cell production
Follicles/nodules exten into muscularis mucosae and obliterate it.
Short mesentary - mesoappendix.
Identify the pathology
Appendicitis:
Ulceration of mucosa
Loss of glands
Inflammatory exudate
Identify the structure
Pancreas:
CT capsule w/septae dividing into lobules.
Endocrine and exocrine function.
Light staining stroma
What pancreatic structure is shown in the centre of this image?
Function?
Pancreatic islet:
Mostly B-cells that secrete insulin.
Some A-cells secreting glucagon.
Few D-cells and F-cells that secrete somatostatin.
Few Epsion cells that secrete ghrelin.
Identify the structures
Yellow circles: Pancreatic Acini
Nucleus and dark-staining basophilic cytoplasm d/t lots of RER.
Eosinophilic zymogen granules at apex.
Produce digestive enzymes.
Yellow arrows: Duct system.
Transport enzymes.
Blue arrow: Centroacinar cell
Pail staining w/euchromatic nuclei in center.
Secrete enzyme-rich, watery alkaline solution (pancreatic juice)
Identify the pancreatic ducts shown here
Intercalated merge into intralobular which merge into interlobular.
Epithelium changes from simple cuboidal to low columnar.
Most pancreatic adenocarcinomas look like ductal epithelium.
Identify the structures
Endocrine pancreas
Pancreatic islets
Blue stars: polygonal shaped cells
Pink arrows: fenestrated capillaries
Identify the organ and functions
Liver
Relatively uniform appearance.
Parenchyma and stroma.
External capsule of Glisson.
Portal tracts
Storage, metabolism, detoxification, filtration, digestion.
Identify the structure
Hepatic lobule:
6 portal tracts
6 interlobular septae
Hexagonally arranged around central vein.
Hepatocytes arranged in plates.
Purple arrows: Sinusoids carry blood toward central vein.
Black box: Central vein
Central vein delivers blood to hepatic veins to IVC. Has attenuated endothelium.
Perisinusoidal spaces: exchange of subtances between hepatocytes and blood.
Identify the structures shown in the hepatic portal tract here.
Hepatic arterioles - rings of smooth mm.
Hepatic portal veinule - thin endothelial walls.
Bile duct - cuboidal to columnar epithelium.
Identify the pathology
Cirrhosis of the liver:
Fibrous bands.
Regenerative nodules.
Decreased hepatocyte function
Disturbances in blood flow
Portal HTN
Identify the organelle in the centre of the image and give its function.
Tertiary lysosome w/lipid droplet.
Digest cellular debris or phagocytosed pathogens.
Tertiary b/c of the amount of indigestible debris.
Identify the structure and associated cells.
Hepatic sinusoid.
Blue star: Hepatocyte
Orange star: Kupffer cell - prominent lysosome.
Purple star: Perisinusoidal space of Disse - filled w/hepatocyte microvilli
Green star: Sinusoidal endothelial cells
Red star: Hepatic stellate cell - large euchromatic nucleus and large lipid droplet.
Fenestrated endothelium.
Identify the structure and state function.
Ovary
Surface epithelium - simple cuboidal
Tunica albuginea - dense CT layer directly under epithelium. Protective.
Medulla
Cortex - area of CT with follicle
Reproductive function.
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Primordial Oocytes
Single layer of flattened follicular cells.
Development is independent of sex hormones.
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Primary uni-laminar follicles.
Uni-laminar layer of cuboidal granulosa cells.
Development is independent of sex hormones.
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Primary multi-laminar follicle.
Multi-laminar cuboidal granulosa cells.
Theca interna
Zona pellucida
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Secondary follicle.
Beginning of an antrum and polarization.
Zona pellucida
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Tertiary or Graafian follicle.
Antral lake
Zona granulosa
Theca interna
Corona radiata
Cumulus oophorus
From low mag to high mag, identify the structure.
What are the key features.
Corpus Luteum
Ovarian cortex
Blood clot
Granulosa lutein cells
Theca lutein cells.
Produce mainly progesterone which promotes glycogen secretion by the endometrial glands.
Comment on the stage of life.
What features allow you to identify it?
Postmenopausal ovary.
Corpus albicans (corpora albicantia) - inactive fibrous tissue mass.
What phase is this uterus?
What are the characteristics?
Proliferative.
Thickened endometrium.
Spiraled tubular glands.
Cellular stroma.
What phase is this uterus?
What are the characteristics?
Glycogen in lumen of glands.
Saw-tooth appearance of glands.
Identify the structure.
Oviduct
Identify the structure
Uterus
Describe the pathology shown infiltrating the colon here.
Endometriosis:
Ectopic endometrial tissue.
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma in the colon.
Describe the pathology shown here.
Endometrioma:
Cyst like structure on the ovary.
Hemosiderin laden machrophages within the endometrioma from blood becoming trapped.
Describe the pathology shown in this section of uterus.
Adenomyosis:
Endometrial tissue in the myometrial layer.
Endometrial tissue bleeds cyclically resulting in pain, swelling, enlarged uterus.
Chronic pelvic pain.
Describe the pathology visible in this section of uterus.
Uterine leiomyomas/fibroids.
Benign neoplasms of smooth mm.
Fibroid is well circumscribed and composed of smooth mm bundles.
Presents with menorrhagia and pelvic pain. May cause enlarged uterus that can subsequently cause urinary or GI symptoms.
What are the cells in this structure and what are their functions?
Ampula of the oviduct.
Dark green arrow: Peg cells - quiescent form of secretory cell.
Orange arrow: Ciliated columnar cells - beat in unison and propel ova toward uterus.
Brown arrow: Non-ciliated secretory cells - produce nutrients for ova.
Describe the cells and features in this section of the placenta and their importance.
Placenta: membrane around fetus. Villi covered with syncytiotrophoblast.
Chorionic villus with syncytiotrophoblast lining the outside.
Connective tissue.
Fetal blood within villus
Fetal endothelium
Maternal blood in lacunae.
What structures can be seen in the umbilical cord?
2 arteries - low O2
1 vein - higher O2
Wharton’s jelly
What part of the reproductive tract is this?
What are the cell types?
What is the significance of the junction?
Cervix
Endocervix: simple columnar
Ectocervis: stratified squamous
Squamocolumnar junction/Zone of transformation - with menstrual cycles, cervical stroma increases in volume, columnar moves into vagina and squamous moves toward endocervix. Dysplastic changes may lead to cervical cancer.
What are the layers of the vagina and what kind of epithelium is it?
Mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium. Changes in glycogen content with menses.
Glycogen allow for bacteria to form lactic acid as defense.
Muscularis: Inner circ/outer long.
What is this?
Name its features.
Clitoris
Tunica albuginea
Erectile tissue.
Identify the stages of life:
Identify the structure and discuss its features.
Testes
Parenchyma
Stroma:
Thick dense fibroelastic CT capsule = tunica albuginea.
Mediastinum testes: Thickening of tunica albuginea.
Septum divides testes into lobules.
Sperm and testosterone production.
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Identify and discuss this structure
Seminiferous tubules:
Exocrine.
Leydig cells produce testosterone.
Spermatogonia on BM w/round nuclei
Spermatocytes w/larger round euchromatic nuclei
Spermatozoa which get released into lumen.
Sertoli cells
Support and maturation of spermatozoa.
Have oblong euchromatic prominent nucleus.
Identify the features and cells
Seminiferous tubules.
Identify the cell
Interstitial cell of Leydig.
Produce testosterone.
Identify the features and cells.
Early spermatid.
Acrosome contains hydolytic enzymes that help sperm penetrate egg’s coat.
What are these cells and what do they do?
Spermatid in Sertoli cell.
Remains anchored in crypt-like recesses of Sertoli cells.
What is the pathway of spermatozoa?
Seminiferous tubules
Rete testes
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Structure and function?
Epidiymis on posterior aspect of testes.
Spermatozoa storage and continued maturation.
Pseudostratified epithelium with basal stem cells and principal cells with apical stereocilia.
What is this structure?
Layers?
Features?
Vas deferens.
Inner mucosa
3 layers of smooth mm.
Loose CT adventia
Psuedostratified epithelium, basal cells, principal cells with apical stereocilia
LP with lots of elastin.
Transports spermatozoa along duct during ejaculation
What is this structure?
Features?
What does it secrete?
Seminal vesicle.
Pseudostratified to simple columnar epithelium.
Apical domes instead of stereocilia.
Secretes 70% of semen.
Primary secretion is fructose as energy source for spermatozoa.
What is this accessory gland?
Prostate.
15% of ejaculate.
Contains enzymes that help with liquification of semen.
Secretes prostate specific antigen
Identify the structure and name the features.
Penis.
3 erectile tissues
Pacinian corpuscles and many nerve fascicles.
Invaginations = Glands of Littre- secrete mucus as pre-ejaculatory emission.
