histology - kidney, etc Flashcards

1
Q

how do systems extrinsic to the kidneys affect the kidneys? if sense BP too low <80~~

A

sympathetic NS -

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2
Q

SNS - what can it do?

A

carotid sinus - glossopharyngeal, CN 9

aortic sinus - vagus CN 10

message to brain, 2 messages can be sent -

1 - alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on afferent arterioles to CONTRACT

2 - to JG cells - to stim renin - this on beta 1 adrenergic - increases calcium in JG which stim renin production

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3
Q

What does renin do? What is it? Renin is enzyme

aldosterone (glomerulus cortex adrenal0

Angiotensin II, binds to many receptors in the body to affect several systems. It can increase blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels. It can also trigger thirst or the desire for salt. Angiotensin is responsible for the release of the pituitary gland’s anti-diuretic hormone.

A

liver producing angiotensinogen (protein) -

w/ Renin becomes angiotensin 1

from lungs ACE

becomes angiotensin II

effects adrenal to make ALDOSTERONE
(which creates absorption of sodium - hence BP up) in distal convoluted tubule

in kidney - vasoconstrictor
hence BP up

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4
Q

prox convulated tubes - brush border

microvilli

tons of mitocondria - REABSORPTION -

pinocytic vessels

Osmosis
exocytosis

microvilli - increases surface area, lateral folding and basal invaginations ALL facilitate reaborption and secretion of substances

A

microvilla - longer than distal, cuboidal, acidophilic PINK

interdigitations
tight junctions - major reabsorption

folds in lateral surface - plicae and

BASAL BORDER invagations and tons of mitrochondria - active transport - ATP

reabsorption function -

all glucose
amino acids
85% NaCL and Hx0, Po4, Ca++
protein

secretions - creatinine (from muscles)

pinocytosis - active ion trasnport NA+/K ATPase

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5
Q

glomerulus

A

really capillaries - special kind - blood runs thru, and some goes out and becomes urine or starts to become urine

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6
Q

Aquaporin 1

aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (

A

in proximal convulated tubules - 70% water, bulk of solutes

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle (DTL), and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia

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7
Q

cortical portion of collecting tubules?

A

in inner and outer medulla

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8
Q

disorders of Prox conv tubules? PCT

can’t reabsorb - missing ATP

Fanconi syndrome is a rare disorder of kidney tubule function that results in excess amounts of glucose, bicarbonate, phosphates (phosphorus salts), uric acid, potassium, and certain amino acids being excreted in the urine.

A

fanconi syndrome - hereditary or acquired - fail to reabsorb because decrease in ATP - can’t use the sodium pump

cystinosis - most common cause in kids

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9
Q

cystinosis?

A

most common in kids???

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10
Q

when reaborbed thru walls - where go?

A

blood

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11
Q

loop of henle?

A

thick descending limb - simple cuboidal epith - structural similar to PCT

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12
Q

thick or thin descending lined w?

A

simple squamous epith

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13
Q

thick ascending -

A

simple cuboidal - more like distal convulated tubules DCT

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14
Q

four types of epithelial cells

type 1

not much going on

A

type 1 -
SHORT LOOP nephon
thin descending and ascending thin, simple epith - almost no interdigitations

few / no organelles

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15
Q

type 2

LONG NEPHRON - lots of organelles

Juxtamedullary nephon for types 2,3 and 4

A

thin descending LONG LOOP many small, blunt microvilli - organelles,

lateral interdig varies on species

cortical labyrinth, taller epithelium -

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16
Q

type 3

inner MEDULLA

A

thin descending INNER MEDULA, thinner epith, fewer microvilli,
lateral interdigitations absent

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17
Q

type 4

at bend of Loop

A

and entire thin ascending - flattened epith w/o microvilli, few organelles

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18
Q

type 4

at bend of Loop and up to THICK

A

and entire thin ascending - flattened epith w/o microvilli, few organelles

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19
Q

function loop henle?

reabsorb !! 15% of filtered water and 25% filters NACl, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-

A

where urine formed - hypertonic urine, water retention

thin descending p permeable to water

ascending - impermeable to water, but permeable to NA+, K+, CL-

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20
Q

distal convoluted Tubule CVT

Vascular pole

A

location - continuation of thick ascending, goes back into CORTEX - vascular pole of renal corpuscle - juxtaglmerular region
-

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21
Q

here find?

A

Macula Densa

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22
Q

DCT?

no brush border

Do have tons of mitochondria

A

simple cuboidal, smaller thatn PCT, lack brush border, few Microvilli, basal infolding are present with mitochondria

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23
Q

function of DCT

Aldosterone affects here - to reabsorb sodium and water

A

influence of aldosterone

absorb NA and Hx0

secrete K+

reabsorb bicarb ion and secretion of H+

converts ammonia to amonium

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24
Q

Addison disease? SALTY URINE

A

aldosterone deficiency - excessive loss of sodium in urine

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25
PCTS vs DCTS both reabsorb
adjacent to renal corpuscles PCTs lysosomes - stain dark DCTS - lightly stained?? which is pink? apical domail of PCT has brush border and vesicles - DCT fewer of both both TONS of mitrochondria tight junctions
26
collecting tubules and ducts - empty into minor calyx in cortex - seem tubules and ducts
tubules to duct cuboidal to columnar - varies from squamous to columnar weakly staining few organelle no basal striations clear intercellular borders, empty in to minor calyx at renal papilla
27
medullary collecting ducts - no tubules in medulla
(lower down) cuboidal cells and change to columnar
28
COLLECTING DUCTS - two types of cells? antidiuretic hormone (Light cells) - ONE CILIUM - reabsorb sodium and water and release Potassium - they have antidiuretic (antipee) hormone ADH - Aquaporin 2 antidiuretic is VASOPRESSIN light vs dark cells DARK - intercalated -
principal or light dark or intercalated principal single cilium, few short microvilli - small mitochondria - contain antidiuertic hormone ADH water channels AQUAPORIN 2 water channel dark cells - small, many mito - microvilla on apilca - no basal ifolding - decrease as duct approach papilla
29
dark cells vs light fewer mito in light cells Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle (DTL), and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia.
secrete H+ and reabosrob K_ light cells - reabosorb NA and water and secrte K_ - primary cilium
30
aldosterone -
secreted from adrenal gland cortex
31
angiotensin 2
stim aldosterone secretion - stim epith distal convulated tubules - to reabsorb sodium -
32
hypothalmus involved to??
??
33
water channels in ?
principal or light cells
34
disorders - polycystic kidney disease polycystin 1 - membrane receptor - cell to cell adhesion molecules extensive cystic enlargement of both kidneys cysts from dilation of collecting tubules - hypertension, renal failure
mutation PKD1 and 2 - predominantly in cilium lining collecting tubules PKD1 gene account for 85-90% of cases polycystin 1 is calcium permeable channel complete loss (need to finish notes)
35
once form cysts - block
blood flow, hypertension, renal failure kidney enlarges, tons of cysts - can't function normally
36
fuction of tubules and ducts
ADH vasopressin - causes epithelium to be permeable to H2o reabsorb H20 and aldosterone
37
medullary rays?
where see tubules, collecitng ducts in medulla - heading toward renal papilla, minor major calyxes, renal pelvis
38
diuretics - promotes the increased production of urine. stopping reaborb sodium, water
drugs increase output of urine - act
39
osmotic diuretics
inhibit reabsorb of water and solutes in PCT
40
thiazide diuretcs
inhibi reaborb NAcl in DCT
41
carbonic anhydrase
block CA on luminal membrane in PCT
42
loop diuretics - furosemide, etc
inhibits na_/K+/2cl cotransportor on luminal membrane of thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
43
carbonic anhydrase in PCT decrease hydrogen formation in lumen - hence less sodium reaborbed, but becomes urine
block CA on luminal membrane in PCT
44
Thiazides - distal tubules - inhibit NAcl cotrasnporter
increase urine w/ na_ and CL
45
potatssium sparing various
aldosterone receptor antagonist AMILORIDE and TRIAMTERENE - direct block of sodium Na_ channel blockers
46
Interstitial cells? what fills in space - between all ducts - maintenance of renal architecture and production of erythropoetic EPOS
in renal cortex and medullary fibroblasts EPO - producing fibroblasts - stimulator to make RBCs major growth factor for RBCs blood oscygen down? RBCS made EPO fires it up
47
renal medullary fibroblast - like cells
contain actin - may secrete prostaglandins and may regulate papillary blood flow participate in interstitial pephritis - tubulo ?? disease
48
excretory pathway UROTHELIUM
minor, major calyces, renal peliv ureters, urinary bladder, urethra mucosa - trasntional epith - and called
49
ureter
mucosa, foldeed, start shape - trasntional epithelium, lamina propriate (dense fibro CT) muscularis - inner longitudinal, outer circulat in terminal portion of ureter - thcih outer longitudinal muscle is present adventitia
50
urinary bladder
mucosa - lined with transitional eptih, lamina propria muscularis DETRUSOR - fibers in all directions, innter and out long middle circular, forms INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCter near opening of urethra adventitiaaioa - mesothelium
51
transitional epith
can expand without losing coitinuity - dome shaped cells thicker when ?
52
male urethra
three parts - prostatic ejac ducts and ducts of proetrate gland penetrate wall - trans. epith membraneous strat columnar or speudostratified penile - corpus spongiosum, cavernous tissue pseudo stratified to stratified squamous
53
ducts of bulbourethral glands - cowpers
secrete mucous
54
female urethra
shorter - longitudinal folds trans epith change to strati squa at mid portion urethal glands, pair or parurethral glands into lomen lamina propria highly vasculariezes distally striated muscle form external urethral sphinchter adventitia - outer covering of fibroelastic CT
55
3 layers of testis?
tunica vaginalis - single layer on basal laminal - simple squamous t. abugenia - thick dense fibroelastic CT, coll fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, smmoth mus, nerve, Messner nerve endings t. vasculosa - blood vessels in loose CT
56
testis capsule
can contract periodically maintains correct pressure regulated fluids in and out massages duct system- aid moving sperm
57
tunica albuginea - posterior surface divides and forms?
mediastinum testis - 250 pyramidal compartments - TEST. LOBULES incomplete - and can communicate betw lobules
58
what do testic. lobules have?
1 - 4 seminiferous tubuules - in loose CT rich with blood, lymph, nerve, and LEYDIG "interstitial" cells
59
mesothelial cells?
tunica vaginalis cells Mesothelial cells form a monolayer of specialised pavement-like cells that line the body's serous cavities and internal organs. The primary function of this layer, termed the mesothelium, is to provide a slippery, non-adhesive and protective surface.
60
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig,
are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)
61
What do Leydig cells do?
produce testosterone in the presense of LH
62
Where does LH come from?
anterior pituitary
63
where does FSH come from?
anterior pituitary
64
Gonadotropic cells
are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins, such as the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Release of FSH and LH by gonadotropes is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
65
What cells in hypothalmus release GnRH?
preoptic nucleus - oxytocin? arcuate nucleus
66
Androgen?
The predominant and most active androgen is testosterone, which is produced by the male testes. The other androgens, which support the functions of testosterone, are produced mainly by the adrenal cortex—the outer portion of the adrenal glands—and only in relatively small quantities.
67
what secretes androgens
Testicular androgen secretion is controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which influence the Leydig cell response to the LH. ... Inhibin production of the Sertoli cell is stimulated by androgens.
68
Inhibin secreted by Sertoli
tells hypothalmus and pituitary there is enough SPERM - negative feedback loop
69
what do Sertoli cells do? blood testis barrier nourish sperm create inhibin 1st year only
The supporting cells (Sertoli) are located within the seminiferous tubules. Their task is the creation of a hemato-testicular barrier and the nourishment of the spermatozoa. They can only proliferate in the first year of life (their equivalent in the woman are the follicular cells).
70
What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Secreted Steroids Five classes of steroid hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestins, androgens, and estrogens.
71
What stimulates Sertoli cells?
FSH - which creates Androgen binding protein ADP- which combines with testosterone to keep testosterone fluid and around In addition to stimulating spermatogenesis, FSH also causes the Sertoli cells to produce an androgen binding protein (ABP). This protein binds testosterone and helps maintain a high concentration of testosterone within the testes; this is essential for spermatogenesis to occur.
72
Is testosterone a testicular androgen?
yes -
73
rete testis?
A network of small tubes in the testicle that helps move sperm cells from the testicle to the epididymis. The epididymis is where the sperm mature and are stored.
74
seminiferous tubules?
highly convoluted, but at apex of lobule becomes a STRAIGHT tubule layer of fibro connective tissue (tunica propria) - 3 - 5 layers of fibroblasts, and one layer of muscle - flattened myoid cells complex of germinal or seminiferous epithelium - two types SERTOLI cells Sperm germ cells (spermatogenic lineage cells in the interstitial spaces are the LEYDIG cells
75
spermatogenic lineage cells
stacked in 4 - 8 layers that occupy space betw basal lamina and lumen
76
spermatogenesis - how many phases?
3 - mitosis - A cell is daughter cells - doesn't leave Basal compartment meoisis 1 and meoisis 2 spermatogonia divide to create primary spermatocytes, 2dary spermatocytes, spermatids , spermatozoa
77
division of seminiferous tubules?
basal compartment, adlumen compartment, lumen - blood testis barrier between basal and adlumen - via tight junctions between sertoli cells
78
what's a spermatogonium?
primitive germ cells in basal compartment - will divide via mitosis two create 2 identical cells - one cell will remain in basal compartment and renew the cycle - each contains a diploid number of chromosomes
79
What happens at male puberty?
spermatogenesis begins -
80
spermatogium types A dark, A pale, B?
A dark, A pale, B A dark - renew themselves and create some A pale - ovoid nucleus - stain dark A PALE - ovoid nucleus - divide mitotically to create more A Pale and some B B - spherical nucleus, dense stain, divide via mitosis to create PRIMARY spermatacytes
81
Primary spermatocytes
largest germ cell in tubule - start in basal compartment - but after division migrate to middle zone - spherical or ovid, nucleus in some stage of karyokinesis (division of a cell nucleus during mitosis.) soon after - become secondary spermatocytes
82
Quick change - what cells are hard to see?
secondary spermatocytes - they divide quickly into spermatids
83
spermatids -
small size - nuclei w/ condesnesed chromatin, juxtaluminal location with tubule
84
spermatid - complex process
1. form acrosome 2. condense, elongate nucleus 3. develop flagellum 4. loss of much of cytoplasm (becomes sleek and excited to move!) When mature released into lumen of seminif tubule
85
4 phases of spermiogenesis 1. GOLGI phase, 2. cap phase 3. Acrosome phase 4. Maturation Phase
1. golgi phase - PAS positive proacrosomal granules accumulate in Golgi - fuse to form single granule in a membrane ACROSOMAL Vesicle CENTRIOLES migrate near surface and opposite to forming acrosome
86
2. cap phase - ACROSOMAL reaction when find an ova
vesicle and granule cover anterior half of condensiing nucleus - "cap" within has several hydrolytic enzymes - hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, acrosin - wthich dissociate cells of corona radiata and digest zonna pellucida when spermatozoa encounter ova - the outer membrane of acrosome fueses with plasma membrane at multiple sites known as ACROSOMAL reaction
87
3. acrosome phase
anterior pole of cell (w/ acrosome) orients toward base of seminiferous tubule nucleus elongates - microtubules may help (the manchettes) mitocondria aggregate around proximal part of flagellum MIDDLE PIECE
88
4. maturation phase
residual cytoplams is she and phagocytized by Sertoli cells - spermatozoa released into lumne (during division of spermatonia - resulting cells do not separate completely but remian attache d by cytoplamic bridges
89
spermatazoa ?
head, middle piece (w/ mitrochondrial sheath) responsible for movement fof tail tail - covered by thin layer of cytoplas except at tip
90
Immotile cilia syndrome
infertility - due to lack of dynein or other proteins required for ciliary motility
91
sertoli cells
on basement membrane - few in number - at intervals between spermatogonia columnar - extends from basal lamina to lumen - along the side of each cell - a stream of proliferating and differentiating germ cells move slowly toward the lumen
92
Sertoli cells connected to one another via?
via gap junctions and multiple tight junctions - tight junctions are near base of cell - separating early vs later developoing sperm - early ones need to have access to hormones from blood
93
blood testis barrier
all the spermatocyctes, spermatids and spermatozoa are near the lumen - with the thigh junctions creating a blood testis barrier - to protect the spermatogenic cells from noxious substances the barrier disappears and reappears letting the primary spermatocytes out - and keeping the germ cells (spermatogonia) in the basal compartment
94
Sertoli functions?
1. 2. help and nourish sperm 3. phagocytose residual bodies from spermatids, 4. secrete fluid into lumen for sperm movement - - including ADP, activin, inhibin, plasminogen activator, transferrin, growth factors, ions 5. small quantities of estrogen - (conversion of testosterone to estradiol) 6. maybe in embryo - non-sterioidal Mullerian Inhibitory Factor 7. prepubertal state - substance suppressing meiotic division of gamets 8. Sertoli cells do not divide during reproductive period - extememtly resistant to adverse conditions such as infection, malnutrition or X ray
95
Interstitial tissue - between tubules?
loose CT, nerves, blood and lymph fibroblasts, undifferentiated connective cells, mast cells, macrophases LEYDIG
96
Leydig? crystals of REINKE
during puberty - LEYDIG become apparent - cental nucleus - have characteristics of steroid secreting cells - (smoother ER), and crystals of REINKE
97
leydig produce?
testosterone
98
leydig stim by? ICSH (like LH) and Prolactin
ICSH - same as LH in females = from anterior pituitary - PROLACTIN also aid in production of teststerone
99
puberty vs. fetal life and testosterone?
lots of Leydig during puberty fetus - Chorionic gonadotropin from placenta stims interstitial cells of testis to produce testosterone - developing males genitalia
100
testosterone responsible for? and male libido
many things - growth, devel, maintenance of accessory male sex organs, prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, penis and secondary sec changth - hair - larynx enlargment, musculoskeletal growth
101
crystals of reinke? Reinke crystals are rod-like cytoplasmic inclusions which can be found in Leydig cells of the testes. Occurring only in adult humans and wild bush rats, their function is unknown.
protein inclusions in cytoplams of leydig
102
StAR protein regs?
synthesis of steriods by transporting cholesterol across outer mitochondrial membrane - mutation of this is seen in people with defective synthesis of adrenal and gonadal steriods
103
steroid producing cells?
lipid droplets containing esterfied cholesterol, smooth ER, mitochondria with tubular critae
104
prolactin?
induces expression of LH receptor
105
FSH, LH, Prolactin
FSH, and LH by basophils in adenohypophysis of pituitary PROlactin- by acidophils
106
fsh bind to?
sertoli which produce ABP, which binds to testosterone - and complex is transported to epididymis Prolactin stims leydig to express LH receptors = LH binds triggering testosertone production
107
testosterone - 3 secretory routes?
blood circulation lymphatic channels surroudning seminif tubules sertoli cells where binds to androgen receptor
108
feeback loops - 2 regulating spermatogeneiss? FSH and LH GnRH in hypothalamus modulated FSH inhibi-activin loop LH - testosterone loop
1 sertoli = inhibit if too many sperm ACTIVIN when want more (up-regulate FSH secretion) 2LH - testosterone loop
109
temp for testis important
BELOW 37 - about 35 rich venous plexus helps with counter current exchange - failure of descent - - inhibits - too warm malnutrition, alcoholism and some drugs alter spematonoia production
110
primordial germ cells come from?
yolk sac endoderm
111
urinary and genital systems develop from what mesoderm? Kindermediate skelton arms, legs - dancing on PLATE
intermediate - kidneys and gonads lateral plate - appendecular skeleton - paraxial condenses to form somites - giving rise to axial skeleton, voluntary muscles, and dermis
112
What cell secrete in the fetus secrete glycoprotein hormone - determining male sex? SERTOLI
sertoli - SRY gene on Y chromo - testis determining factor -TDF _ females develop in the absense of SRY - under influence of TEF SErtoli differentiate in primitive sex cords and secrete MIF (mullerian inhib factor) secrete until puberty
113
principle affect of testic determining factor on devel of male reprod system?
organizaiton and differntiation of gonadal cords during 5th week - indifferent gonads form finger like cords - in males - TDF ecoded by SRY gene stimulates primitive sex cords to extend deeper into medulla of gonad - TDF stims differntitiona of Sertoli and Leydig cells - which secrete mullerian inhib factor and testosterone respectively. testosterone regs devel of male genitalia and differentiation of mesonephric tubes and ducts - regressions and loss of uterus and uterine tubes are regulated by mullerian inhib factor
114
TDF belongs to which family of proteins?
nuclear transcription factor
115
most common surgical treatment for infants?
failure of testis to descend - often do with first year
116
which testicular cells see a lot of under microscope?
primary spermatocytes 1 - 22 days arrested - allowing for crossover affect - - secondary short lived cells =
117
recognize a sertoli cell on microscope?
columar - attaced to basal membrane - apical faces lumen
118
leydig tumor in male child?
can create precocious phys/sexual development
119
synthesizing steroids?
Smooth ER - and lipid droplets (foamy apperaance) (same with foam cells in adrenal cortex)
120
intercellular bridges? help regulate germ cell diffentiation by ensuring free diffusion of singaling moecules, FNA, and proteins between daughter spermatocytes and spermtids
daughter cells from single Type A dark stem cell - remian connected to one another thru these - they share resources - lost prior to release of spermatozoa in to lumen
121
what found in middle piece of spermatozoa?
mitocondria
122
assembly of microtubules in sperm? neck of sperm contains pair of centrioles tha organie the 9+2 arramengemnt of microtubules in flagellum
centrosomes initiate the assembly (centromere - region of DNA organizing and linking sister chromatids together) CentroMIRROR
123
hyperactivation of sperm motility ?
opening of membrane ca2+ channels
124
age related thickening of tunica propria in testis?
infertility - delivering nutrients and oxygen to sperm germ cells comes thru peritubular fascia (tunica propria)
125
what do late spermatids do?
break their bridges and get rid of excess cytoplasm - generating residual bodies for phagocytosis - after this SERTOLI cells release them into the lumen and phagocotyse resid bodies
126
What helps develop male repro system, including growth of genital ducts, and epididymis and vas defense
leydig cells - testosterone!
127
are Sertoli cells exocrine or endocrine?
Both - release inhibin (fsh) secrete fluid, protein into lumen - ABP to maintain high concentration of testosterone in area -
128
tunia albuginea? when sperm enter rete testis - not motile - when leave epididimus - they are motile
seminif surrounded by thick white coat - w/ septa 250 lobules - each lobule 1 - 4 seminif tubules surrounded by interstitial CT (leydig, etc)
129
rete testis? single CILIUM - simple cuboidal - microvilli and single CILIUM
seminif end as short stubs - emptying into interconnected labyrinth of channels - in midiastium of testis continguous with tunica albugenia
130
efferent ductules of testis? scalloped appearance re two types of cells psesdostratified epith principle cells with microvilli & ciliated cells beat sperm toward epididimus
cilia - transporting sperm from rete testis to caput epididymis - two groups of cells - tall with cilia to move sperm, other cuboidal w/ microvilli for water absorption
131
lining of epididymis and structure 2 cells principal cells with stereocilia basal cells sterocilia have neither basal bodies nor microtubules whereas cilia has both
lined with steriocilia (not actual cilia) - non-motile epidid - has three structures - caput, corpus, cauda = during movment thru here sperm become mature, with capitaciation and fertilization capacity
132
end of epididymal duct - sperm has motility epidydmus - sperm maturation - 2 - 12 days - aquire motility and fertilizaton capapcty i from body to tail vas deferens? - thick muscle has mucous membrane, very thick muscular coat and fibrous coat - adventitia
from posterio wall of testis, thru inguinal canal - entering abdomen to join protate - when enters prostate becomes "ejaculatory duct" - THICK muscular wall - to move sperm along - three layers of muscle - inner long, middle circ, outer longi - to expel sperm during ejaculation- Thicker wall than any other part of male genitalia
133
excurrent genital males genitalia develop from?
mesonephrnic ducts 4 - 8 wks - interim kidney paramesonephric duct forms uterus and uterine tubes - ureteric diverticulum gives rise to ureter, renal pelvis, major, minor calyces, collecting tubules/ducts of per. kidney (a branch of mesnephric duct)
134
embryonic development of urorectal septum?
grows and divides the primitive hindgut (cloaca) into urogenital sinus and rectus - primiative hindgut lined by endoderm. urogenital sinus divided into three parts - carnial (vesicle forms bladder) middle (pelvis) forms urethra) and prostate in males, urethra in females - and caudal pahllic part grows genital tubercle to form penis/clit
135
is prostate from ectoderm or endoderm?
endoderm
136
dartos fascia? regs temp - wrinkling scrotum
superficila fascia of scrotom and penis The dartos muscle is the scrotal part of the dartos fascia, composed by smooth cells. In the scrotum, the tunica dartos acts to regulate the temperature of the testicles, which promotes spermatogenesis. It does this by expanding or contracting to wrinkle the scrotal skin.
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The seminal vesicles - 70% of fluid contribution - much fructose
(also called vesicular glands, or seminal glands), are a pair of two coiled tubular glands that lie behind the urinary bladder of some male mammals. They secrete fluid that partly composes the semen. tortuous tubes - surrounded by muscle
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prostate ? periferal - most cancer - on outside trasntional - older men - can't pee compress benign nodules
3 zones - central, transitional, peripheral central surrounds ejac ducts - transitional around prostatic urethra enlargement of prostrate can affect these structures - retaining urine and predisposiing to recurrent urinary track infections - nodular hyperplasis is common disorder - enlargmenet of gland - obstruction to flow of urine
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corpora amylacea? w/ no clinical significance
secretory material of prostate small hyaline masses found in the prostate gland, nervous system, lung, and sometimes in other organs of the body.-
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penis?
paired corpora cavernosa - w/ ventral corpus spongiosum tunica albugieum surrounds it all and hold cylindrical erectile masses togetehr tunica vascularis and tunica vaginalis are investiing layers of testes
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what does corpus spongiusum eventually form
glans penis what arteries supply penis? internal pudendal
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erectile function? Nitrous Oxide
dilation of helicine arteries - parasympathetic relax trabecular smooth muscles surrounding these arteries -
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young male tumors on testis?
primordial germ cell tumors - usually benign - become activated to initiate embryonic develoepement - have all three germ layers - ecto, meso, and endo derm
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which testis larger?
commonly right
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testis contain?
seminif tubules, straight tubutes, rete testis, leydig (interstitial cells) and Sertoli
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spermiogenesis?
when spermatids develop into spermatazoa - sleek swimmers = spermatids are round!
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PSA from prostate? if find in blood - maybe a disease
liquifies semen after ejaculation
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seminal vesicle?
70% volume - fructose -
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kidney cont'd
cleans the system up - saves what they can - gets rid of what they don't need thru urine figures out what the system needs - and can signal other parts of system to make more of something excretes poisons, extra things not needs, can do gluconeogenesis - starving - can release glucose secrete EPO - tells blood marrow to make RBC secretes renin vitamin d function- signals osteoblasts to secrete IL1 - which messages osteoblasts to increase bone resoprtion
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collecting ducts and major/minor calyces comes from what fetal structure?
ureteric bud
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kidney during fetal life most imp role?
generate amniotic fluid - produce urine
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what surrounds kidney?
dense CT capsule - - outer layer and inner layer of myofibroblasts - can contract!
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renal lobule?
multiple nephrons draining to single collecting duct
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renal arteries? SEGMENTAl - no segmental veins
branch to form two or three segmental arteries that enter each kidney at hilum - interlobar arteries are branches of teh segmental renal artieers that travel betwe renal pyramids - - extend toward corticomedullary junction - where give rise to arcuate arteries - they ARC along corticomedullary junction near baes of renal pyramids -
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primary urine
produced in glomerulus - and heads out to be further refined - produced in the "renal corpuscle"
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renal corpuscle vs glomerulus renal corpuscle - two structures - bowman's is a complete sac housing a glomerulus
The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. ... Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries.
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glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types.
Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries.
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two poles of renal corpusulce
vascular - afferent, efferent invaginate parietal layer of bowmans urinary - where PCT begins
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cap network in glomerulus?
discontinurous caps with fenestrations lacking diaphragms - fenestrated endothelial cells rest on continuous and thick basement membrane - perforation through these thin cells exists - lacking diaphragms - larger cells can get thru
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glomerular basement membrane? TYPE 4 COLLAGEN
cap endoth cells and visceral epithelia cells (podocytes) syntheis this - made of TYPE 4 collagen, laminein, etc
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podocytes - wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman's capsule.
viceral layer of bowman's cap - closly associated with basement membrane - protrude into urinary space -
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foot processes of podocytes
are visceral eptih cells resting on outer surface of glomerular basement membrane - sending out extensive foot processes or peicels
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slit diaphragms
between foot processes - modified adherens - w/ fenestrated caps and continuous membrane - these structures form a size and charge selective barrier than regulated filtration
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nephrin? protein
connects slit diaphramgs - form zipper-like sheets that ineract to form a prous slit diaphram - >3.5 nm can't pass
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Pars nervosa. posterior pituitary - oxytocin vasopressin herring bodies
Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary and is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. Sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with the posterior pituitary, the pars nervosa includes Herring bodies and pituicytes.
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kidney functions
``` 1. filter, excrete 2, balance fluids 3 recover, reabosorb 4 regulate blood pressure - RENIN 5. EPO - (endocrine function - RBC 6, Vitamin D derivative - 1/25 hydroxy... calcium metab ```
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Renin angiotensin system RAS triggers?
1. depletion of fluid (hypovolemia) 2. low BP (hypotension) 3. Low NA+ at macula densa
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afferent arteriole - can it sense pressure?
YES - when BP low - renin secretion is stiumulated
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tubuloglomerular feedback?
macula dense links changes in sodium to regulates blood flow - via message to JG cells and mesengial which can ??
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need to review slides re angiotensin renin thing
first four slides in his presentation - can print out too
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kidney - cortex (outer and justamedullary) medulla (outer and inner)
capsule - two layers - outer inner - myofibroblasts -
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cortex?
part of nephron except tubules renal corpuscles - with convoluted and straigh tubules - collecting tubules, collecting ducts, vascular supply
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outer medulla -
thick PCT and some thin
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inner medulla
thin tubule and distal collecting ducts
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medullary rays?
straight tubules and collecting ducts - vertical striations emananting from medulla can be seen in corte
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cortical labyrinthc?
region between medullary rays with renal corpuscles, convoluted tubes and collecting
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medulla - straight tubules, collecting ducts and ???
special capillary network VASA RECTA
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vasa recta
runs parallel to tubules and is part of countercurrect exchnage
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tubules form
pyramids - bases of pyramids face cortex and apices face renal sinus
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each pyramid divides into
outer medulla and inner outer medulla - has OUTER and INNER stripe renal columns represent cortical tissue contained with in medulla
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Lobes and lobules?
medullary pyramid - = renal lob - lateral boundariy of each lobe - renal columns of BERTIN (residual structures representing fusion of primitive lobes within metanephric bastema apex of each lobe terminates in conic shaped pappilla - by area crirosa (opening site of papillary duct - papilla surrounded by minor calyx
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minor calyx?
collects urine from pilla dripping from area cribrosa converge to form major calyces whit head to renal pelvis to ureter
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lobule?
portion of cortex flanked by two adjacent ascenting interlobular arteries each interlobular artery gives rise to series of glomeruli - each constistn of afferenate arteriole, cap nextework and efferent
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medullary ray is
axis of lobule cortex has many lubules and each lobule has a single medullary ray
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interlobar arteries
Between the pyramids are major arteries termed the interlobar arteries. Each interlobar artery branches over the base of the pyramid.
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interlobular arteries
Cortical radial arteries, formerly known as interlobular arteries, are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.
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describe glomerulus arterial system?
afferent artery - capillary (glomulerus) - efferent - vasa recta (where turns from cap to venous) venule
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uriniferous tubules?
1.3 million in each kidney - surrounded by stroma with loose CT, blood vessels, lymph, nerves
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each uriniferous tubule consists of?
nephon and collecting duct nephron - 2 components - renal corpuscle long renal tubue - with several regions
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ureteric duct embyology gives rise to ? REVIEW THIS!
The ureteric bud (also known as the metanephrogenic diverticulum) is a protrusion of the mesonephric duct that appears during the embryological development of urogenital organs. It will eventually form the urinary collecting system (i.e. collecting tubes, calyces, renal pelvis, ureter) of the kidney.
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nephon and collecting duct - two different embyological systems?
nephron goes all the way to distal convoluted tubule
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Mesonephros develops by the formation of mesonephric tubules from the intermediate mesoderm, it is the principal excretory organ during early embryonic life (4—8 weeks). ... Metanephros arises caudal to the mesonephros at five weeks of development; it is the permanent and functional kidney in higher vertebrates.
The development of the kidney proceeds through a series of successive phases, each marked by the development of a more advanced kidney: the archinephros, pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros.[1] The pronephros is the most immature form of kidney, while the metanephros is most developed. The metanephros persists as the definitive adult kidney.
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collecting tubules - 3 regions
cortical collecint (in renal cortex as centerpiece of medullary ray) outer medullary inner medullary
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two types of nephons
cortical or justamedullary cortical - short loop of henle juxta - henle loop goes into inner medulla
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nephron - renal corpuscle or MALPIGHIAN Corpuscle
bowman's capsula and glmerulus
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bowman's capsule?
two layers - viscerla (attached to cap of glmerulus) parietal visceral lined by epithelial cells called PODOCYTES - on a basal lamina
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partietal layer - covered by basal lamina w/ s
simple squamous epith - and is continuous with simple cuboidal epith of proximal convoluted tubule
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urinary space - between visceral and parietal
and continguous with Urinary POLE other pole VASCULAR
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3 components of glomerulus
caps, mesangium (in mesangial matris) and pococytes - compoent of visceral layer of capsule of bowman
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sympathetic nerve stim to afferent - innervating JG cells?
stim RENIN
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JG cells are what type of cell?
modified smooth muscle
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where do podocytes bulge?
into urinary space
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what cells cover parietal layer of bowman cap?
squamous epithelial
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where are macula densa cells found?
thick Distal Convoluted Tubule at affereant artery - in contacct with extraglomerial mesangial cells
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5 components of juxtaglomerial apparatus?
``` afferent efferent macula densa mesangial JG cells ```
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podocytes?
long, branching porcesses that completely encircle surface of glomerular capillary
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glomerular filtration system?
fenestraed endothelia cells, basal laminal, podocytes
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filtration slits?
gaps between podocytes - bridge by slit DIAPHRAM
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what attached pedicels to basal lamina?
INTEGRIN
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Nephrin?
makes up filtration slits diaphrgm between podocytes which is an EXTRA filtering mechanism
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what things other than the filtraion barrier limit passage of molecules?
size and charge Heparin sulfate lines both sides of basal lamina (rara interna, rara externa) has negative charge
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what molecules filter best thru?
positive charge, 3.5nm - albumin filters POORLY
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what do podocytes secrete?
glomerular endothelial GROWTH FACTOR - stims develop of endothelium and maintenance of fenestrations
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endothe is permealbe to ?
water, urea, glucose, small proteins
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Basal lamina - what kind of collagen?
type IV - with firbonectin, laminin and heparan sulface
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3 parts of filtrations sysmte?
fenestrated endo cell glomerular basal lamina filtrations slits between foot processes covered with diaphragm
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congenital nephrotic syndrome? Finland - neFrin - problem -
nephrin doesn't work - albumin slips thru! podocyte slit filtration diaphragm doesn't work ALOT in Finland - see in fetus - lethal
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is the glomerular basal lamina fused?
Yes - with endothelial cells and pdocytes - lamina dense is physical barrier - but lamina rara is a charge barrier
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diabetes meelitus and glomerulonephrisit?
glomerular filter is altered - becoming more permeable to proteins - release of protein into urin (proteinuria)
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Mesangium? contraction, phagocytosis, CAN PROLIFERATE secrete prostaglandins and endothlins - (indcue constrictuion of afferent and efferent arterioles
can be intra and extraglomerular specilized pericytes - smooth muscle characteristics and macrophages -
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mesangial cells do a lot - synthesize matrix and collagen Mesangial cells and their matrix form the central stalk of the glomerulus and are part of a functional unit interacting closely with endothelial cells and podocytes. Alterations in one cell type can produce changes in the others
indirectly - mechanical support turnover of basal lamina via phagocytosis regulate blood flow via contraction secrete prostalandins and endothelin respond to angiotensin II Mesangial cells are specialised cells in the kidney that make up the mesangium of the glomerulus. Together with the mesangial matrix, they form the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The mesangial cell population accounts for approximately 30-40% of the total cells in the glomerulus.
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Endothelins?
induce constriction of afferent and efferent glomerular anterioles
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diffuse mesengial sclerosis?
mesangial cells produce matrix which contains fibronectin and collagens - in some disease - mesantial matric acculutes... obliteration capillaries
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mesangial can release cytokinses?
inducing inflammatory reaction leading to occlusion of cap lumen
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angiotensin (( and mesangial?
induces contraction
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mesangial and phagocytosis? have ACTIN too
any trapped material coming thru barriers - they can clear out
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damage to glomerulus? diseases?
immune mechanism can damage - against cells and basal lamina - glmerulonephritis antibody-antigen complexes can get trapped in filtration sysytem autoantibodies can target type 4 collagen immune complexes can deposit between endo cells and basal lamina, etc
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immune complexes in basement membrane (from bacterial, viral, etc infection
triggers proliferatino of endothelial and mesangial cells - neutrophils accumulate in lumen of caps - becoming occluded
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This is GOOD PASTURE"S Syndrome and sytemic lupis - generally considered type II hypersensitivity reaction.
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - immune mediated process - proliferation of epithelial cells and infiltration of macrophages produce crescent like mass - compressing glmerular caps - which are displaced and stop functioning - RENAL FAILURE accumulation of fibrin, etcc stim prolifeative process
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JG cells produce renin JG apparatus?
it is a small endocrine structure - consists of macula densa - extraglmerular mesantial cells renin producing cells of afferent art and some efferent
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macula dense is sensitive to changes in ?
sodium concentration - renin secretes when SO or BP falls
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When is renin released?
when SO or BP falls
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tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms?
JG apparatus and sympathetic (adrenergic) fibers innervating JG cells renin secretion enhanced by NE and dopamine secreted by adrenergc nerve fibers NE binds to B1 cepetors in afferent glomerular arterioles - NO parasym innervation
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Macula Densa of DCT?
cells columnar, able to sense flow and ionic conc influences afferent arteriole constriction, filtration and renin secretion
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JG cells
modified smoother muscle secretory granules protein synthesizing organells synthesize renin effect - increase NA+ and CL- absorption - distal tubules
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Polkissen or Lasic Cells?
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
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Blood supply to kidneys? Renal architeture is TERMINAL - no anastomoses between interlobular arteries
via renal artery to interlobar arteries running across medulla through renal columns along sides of pyramids at corticomedullary junction give off branhes at right angles - ARCUATE arteries NO anastomose between interlobular arteries Renal infact can be caused by atherosclerotic plaques in renal artery
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interlobular arteries are found?
in the cortex - ascend toward outer cortex, branch sevearl times to form afferent glomerular arterioles they then form cap network - enveloped by two layers capsule of bowman and continue as efferent
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location of renal corpuscle detemines? peritubular caps - with convoluted tubules vasa recta - w/ nephron tube ???? he says MOST IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO KNOW - I don't understand the real difference?
efferent arterior forms two diff cap networks - peritubular - surrounding superficial cortical sements of uriniferous tubules drains into interlobular vein - converging to arcuate vein, drain to interlobar veins continuous with renal vein vasa recta (straight esel) formed by efferent arterioles - located close to corticomedullary junction extend into medulla - parallel to medullary segment - make hairpin turn reutnr to junction as ascenging venous caps - lined by fenestrated endothelial cells
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location of renal corpuscle detemines? peritubular caps - with convoluted tubules vasa recta - w/ nephron tube The vasa recta capillaries are long, hairpin-shaped blood vessels that run parallel to the loops of Henle. The hairpin turns slow the rate of blood flow, which helps maintain the osmotic gradient required for water reabsorption.
efferent arterioles forms two diff cap networks - peritubular - surrounding superficial cortical segments of uriniferous tubules drains into interlobular vein - converging to arcuate vein, drain to interlobar veins continuous with renal vein vasa recta (straight vessel) formed by efferent arterioles - located close to corticomedullary junction extend into medulla - parallel to medullary segment - make hairpin turn reutnr to junction as ascenging venous caps - lined by fenestrated endothelial cells
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peritubular capillaries critical for reabsorption in CORTEX
are tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
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The vasa recta Peritubular capillaries surround the cortical parts of the proximal and distal tubules, while the vasa recta go into the medulla to approach the loop of Henle.
are the straight arterioles, and the straight venules of the kidney, – a series of blood vessels in the blood supply of the kidney that enter the medulla as the straight arterioles, and leave the medulla to ascend to the cortex as the straight venules.
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where are vasa recta found?
in MEDULLA
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blood flow in kidneys?
afferent, glomerular, efferent two paths peritubular (cortex) vasa recta - medulla - supplying juxtaglo nephrons (only ones that go into medulla) and these loop around in a big long semicrircle
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prox convoluted tubules brush border - microvilli tight junctions and zonula adherens BELT
begin at urinary pole - simple cuboidal longer than DCT acidophillic - plicae or foldes on lateral surface
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PCT functions AQUAsporin 1 - 70% water reabsorb Brings sodium in and pumps h+ out mitocondria are basally located
pinocytosis - active ion transport (NA+/K+ -ATPase) osmosis exoocytosis reabsorption secretion
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Fanconi syndrome - hereditary (primary) or acquired (secondary) cystinosis is most common cause of Fanconi in children
PCT fail to reabsorb amino acids and glucose - they are secreted in urine
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loop of henle
thick - simple cuboidal thin descending - simple squa, few microvilli thin ascending simple squa few microvilli thicken ascending simple cuboidal similar to DCT
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4 types of epithelial cells
thru tubes - in LONG looped nephrons - in the cortical labyrinth - taller epithelium - abudant organells, many microvilli
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loop of henle
capable of forming hyperonic urine - (water retention) thin descending [ permeable to water ascending impermeable to water - permeable to NA+, K+, Cl_ reabsorbs about 15% watera dnd 25% other things
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DCT Aldosterone deficient? ADDISONS SALTY urine
no brush border - simple cuboidal under aldosterone influence - absorb na_ and water - secrete K+ deficieny - ADDISONS
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cells lining both PCT and DCTs have ?
mitrocondria
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diff between PCT and DCT ?
microvilli - and lots of vesicles - in the PCT - lysosomes too - DCT some microvilli = not a lot
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collecting tubes?
empty into minor calyx at renal papilla few organelles
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two types of cells in collecting tubules and ducts
principal or LIGHT cells - pale stain - single CILIUM - few microvilla, small mitocondria, contain ADH - Aguaporin 2 ABSORBING WATER, DARK or intercalated - lots of mitocondria no. decrease as duct approach papilla-
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two types of cells in collecting tubules and ducts The principal cell mediates the collecting duct's influence on sodium and potassium balance via sodium channels and potassium channels located on the cell's apical membrane. Aldosterone determines expression of sodium channels (especially the ENaC). he principal cell is one of two major epithelial cell types in what is often referred to as the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, comprising the connecting segment through the collecting duct
principal or LIGHT cells - pale stain - single CILIUM - few microvilla, small mitocondria, contain ADH - Aguaporin 2 DARK or intercalated - lots of mitocondria no. decrease as duct approach papilla- Principal cells are the main Na+ reabsorbing cells and the site of action of aldosterone, K+-sparing diuretics, and spironolactone. Type A and B intercalated cells make up the second cell type in the collecting duct epithelium. Type A intercalated cells mediate acid secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption.
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collecting tube, ducts function? ADH
ADH - vasopressin - causes epithelium to be permeable to h2O - reabsop of H20 vasopressin, is a small peptide hormone which regulates the body's retention of water. It is one of only two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
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diuretics - various meds osmotic affect PCT and descending thin limb
inhibit water reabsorption or Sodium (loop) - loop diur. affects - thick ascending limb
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Interstitial cells in kidney - 2 kinds
maintain architecture and produce EPO - activated interstitial fibroblast and inflamm cells (macrophages and lymphocytes) participated in nephritis disease -
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urinary bladder - mucosa
transitional epith - lamina propria DETRUSSOR muscle - fibers in all directions - forms internal urethral sphincter adventitia - loose CT - superior surface covered by mesothelium
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Transitional epith
has plaques on plasma membrane - thicker - folds inward when non-distended - form fusiform vesicles
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male urethra - three parts
prostatic (trans. epith) - ejac ducts and ducts of prostate gland penetrate wall membranous - surround to skeletal mus of urogential diaph - to form external voluntary urethral sphicter penile urethra - surroun tby corpus spongiosum, cavernous tissue - at distal end changes to strat squamous - ducts of bulbourethral glands (cowpers) and mucus secreteing urtehal gland (of Littre) empty into penile uretha
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female uretha
short longit folkds lined by trasntional changeing to strat squa - urethral glands - inner longit outer cirular smooth muscle external striated muscle
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mammary - fat/iga and PINCHED off via aPocrine secreteion
Milk proteins and lactose - MEROCRINE exocytosis
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what are integrins and cadherins cadherins and selectins depend on Ca2+. Integrins don't ECM
cadherins between Cells Cell adherin CADhein integrins - btw cell and ECM Integrins and the Ig-superfamily CAMs do not depend on Ca2+ while cadherins and selectins depend on Ca2+. In addition, integrins participate in cell–matrix interactions, while other CAM families participate in cell–cell interactions.
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role of sterocilia in epididymous - non-motile - absorption creates current moving immobile sperm resorb 90% of this fluid as the spermatozoa start to become motile. This absorption creates a fluid current
The stereocilia in the epididymis are non-motile. ... The core function of the stereocilia is to resorb 90% of this fluid as the spermatozoa start to become motile. This absorption creates a fluid current that moves the immobile sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.
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adrenal layer secretions? ACS aldosterone cortisol Sex hormones 17 mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens The zona reticularis is the site of biosynthesis of androgen precursors such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. These androgens are released into the bloodstream and transported to gonads where they are converted into testosterone or oestrogen.
Zona glomularios – mineral aldosterone Fasciulta ? CORTISOL Retincularis SEX – androgens – go to gonads Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be nonessential or detrimental in a fight-or-flight situation.
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melanocytes produce melanin - which is transported to keratinocytes
Tyrosinase (TANGERINE) is required for melanocytes to produce melanin from the amino acid tyrosine.
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What is the function of thyroglobulin?
Thyroglobulin is the other major component needed for synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Thyroglobulin is the matrix for thyroid hormone synthesis and is the form in which hormone is stored in the gland
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What do parathyroid cells secrete? oxyphil cells? appear at the onset of puberty, but have no known function.
The parathyroid gland contains two cell types, chief cells and oxyphil cells. Chief cells are the predominant cell type characterised by round nucleus surrounded by scarce cytoplasm. They produce and secrete PTH in response to low extracellular calcium levels detected by receptors in the cell membrane.
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Herring bodies - posterior pituitary
or neurosecretory bodies are structures found in the posterior pituitary. They represent the terminal end of the axons from the hypothalamus, and hormones are temporarily stored in these locations. They are neurosecretory terminals.
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What is the role of the posterior pituitary?
The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.