histology exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
purpose of fixation
A
stop autolysis
prevent bacterial decomposition
stabilize proteins
2
Q
most common fixation is with
A
formalin
3
Q
stains are based on
A
electrostatic charges
acid or basic (most common)
4
Q
stain used for a neutral charge (rarely used)
A
methylene blue picrate
5
Q
stain used for indifferent charge
A
sudan III, sudan IV (scarlet red)
6
Q
type of vital stain (live cells)
A
methylene blue
7
Q
most commonly used stain
A
H&E (hematoxyline and eosin)
8
Q
characteristics of hematoxylin
A
basic; positive
attaches to negative nucleic acids - stains the nuclei purple
natural dye
9
Q
other basic stains
A
toluidine blue
methylene blue
fuscin stains
10
Q
characteristics of eosin
A
acidic, negative
attaches to positive charged cytoplasmic structures
stains cytoplasm pink
11
Q
other acidic stains (rarely used)
A
orange g
phloxine
aniline blue
12
Q
what kind of stain was used
A
H&E
13
Q
the blue line represents what kind of section
A
cross section
14
Q
the yellow line represents what kind of section
A
longitudinal section
15
Q
the pink line represents what kind of section
A
oblique or tangential section
16
Q
what kind of section is good for sectioning small objects and maintaining anatomical structure
A
longitudinal sections
17
Q
what kind of section is indicated to maintain anatomical structures
A
longitudinal section
18
Q
what are serial sections for
A
to stain the same tissue with different techniques
ex. use H&E for structure and IHC to test for viral presence and identify if there are antibodies
19
Q
artifacts are due to
A
processing errors or poor tissue quality
ex. freezing crystals or autolysis
20
Q
types of stains to observe tissue architecture
colors depend on the tissue/cell type
ex. skin
A
trichrome stain
wright-giemsa and diff quick
orcein - shows elastic fibers
21
Q
types of stains to observe substances in the sample
A
methylene blue (vital stain)
toluidine blue
congo red (polarizer)
prussian blue (iron detection)
22
Q
types of stains to detect bacteria
A
gram
ziehl neelsen (acid fast)
23
Q
types of stains to detect fungi
A
silver stains (GMS, Gamori) - fungal wall
periodic acid schiff (PAS) - polysaccharides
24
Q
why is counterstaining important
A
to stain the rest of the tissue
usually hematoxylin, sometimes methyl green
25
what type of stain is this
what does it show
trichrome
pink - epithelial
red - muscle
blue - connective
26
what type of stain was used
wright-geimsa and diff quick
27
what type of stain was used
what is shown
orcein
black squiggles - elastic fibers
28
what type of stain was used
what can you see
toluidine blue
bright purple/magenta - mast cell
29
what type of stain was used
what is shown
prussian blue (also known as perl's stain)
bright blue - iron
30
the iron detection of the prussian blue stain would be useful for the diagnosis of what disease and why
hemochromatosis
a build up of iron in the liver
31
what stain is shown
what can you see
congo red
under polarized light, amyloid will show bright green
32
what stain was used
what can you see
gram stain
pink - gram negative bacteria
purple - gram positive bacteria
33
what stain was used
what can you see
ziehl neelsen (acid fast)
bright pink - mycobacteria
34
what stain was used
what can you see
GMS (silver stain)
black - fungi
35
what stain was used
what can you see
PAS
bright pink - fungi
36
what stain was used
what can you see
PAS
bright pink - polysaccharides
37
what makes mast cells stain with toluidine blue
histamine
38
what stain was used on these mast cells
wright
39
what stain was used on these mast cells
giemsa
40
what fixative is most often used for electron microscopy
glutharaldehyde
41
what is immunohistochemistry, ihc used to identify
cell type
tissue/cell component
pathogens
42
between H&E, ihc and ish which is the most specific
ISH
in IHC, the antibodies can sometimes stick to other things. in ISH, only the target sequence will be marked
43
medium inside the limits of the cells where organelles are located
cytoplasm
44
components of plasma membrane
proteins, lipids, hydrocarbons, glycolipids, glycoproteins
45
cell type specific modifications of the plasma membrane include
microvilli
glycocalyx
intermembranous junctions
46
microvilli
apical, brush border
gives more surface area for absorption
ex. sm intestinal mucosal cells
47
glycocalyx
gel on surface of cell to make them glide more easily
ex. in the endothelium, keeps cells from sticking to lumen
48
intermembranous junctions
anchor one cell to another
ex. epidermal cell desmosomes
49
3 main functions of the mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation
respiratory chain
krebs cycle
50
where does oxidative phosphorylation and the respiratory chain occur
inner rough membrane/crests of the mitochondria
51
where does the krebs cycle occur
mitochondrial matrix
52
forms the nuclear membrane, is covered with ribosomes to create proteins for export
rough ER
53
produces enzymes for lipid synthesis/metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis and glycogen metabolsim
smooth ER
54
connects the ER and cell membrane
produces polysaccharides
stores products from SER and RER
forms zymogen granules and vesicles to export products
forms lysosomes
golgi apparatus
55
full of digestion enzymes
numerous in immune cells and renal tubular epithelium
lysosomes
56
cytoskeleton functions
structure, movement, transport
57
regulates protein synthesis
contains and transfers genomes
nucleus
58
double membrane formed by RER
disappears during cell division
nuclear membrane
59
types of chromatin
euchromatin (dispersed and in use)
heterochromatin (condensed, not in use)
60
site of rRNA assembly
disappears during parts of cell division
largest in fast growing and reproductive cells
nucleolus
61
changes that make spermatids to spermatozoa
nucleus condenses in head
golgi acrosomic granules surround nucleus
centrioles to mid piece base of flagellum
mitochondria surround centrioles
cytosol and other organelles removed in residual body
62
what is the spermatozoa head composed of
condensed haploid nucleus
acrosome with hyaluronidase and cathepsin
63
what is the spermatozoa neck composed of
centrioles of 9 triplets of microtubules
mitochondria
64
what is the spermatozoa tail composed of
9 pairs of microtubules plus 1 central pair
65
formation of ___ at the end of gastrulation
notochord
66
notochord
will become intervertebral discs
forms axis that guides body into what goes on the R, L, front, back
serves as the “spinal cord” of embryo
67
the morula differentiates into
embryobast or trophoblast
68
# gastrulation
bilaminar embryo
embryoblast divides into endoderm and ectoderm
69
# gastrulation
elongated embryo
primitive node extends in ectoderm, extends a sulcus caudally
mesoderm forms between ectoderm and endoderm
70
# gastrulation
trilaminar embryo
notochord forms
makes embryo symmetrical
induces formation of neuroectoderm
forms intervertebral discs later
71
embryo acquires final shape and organs begin differentiating and developing
body shape acquisition
72
phases of body shape acquisition
neurulation
mesoderm differentiation
somatopleural tubulation
73
# body shape acquisition
formation of neural plate (neuroectoderm)
neural groove
neural tube
neural crest cells migrate from neural tube into the mesoderm and differentiate
neurulation
74
the neural crest cells will form
PNS and medullary portion of adrenal gland
75
# mesodermal differentiation
paraxial mesoderm differentiates into ____ based on location
somitomeres (cranial aspect of embryo)
somites (caudal aspect of embryo)
76
# paraxial mesoderm
somitomeres become
cranial structures
77
# paraxial mesoderm
somites become
axial skeleton
* dorsal vertebrae, muscles, bones, dermis, connective tissue
78
# mesodermal differentiation
intermediate mesoderm differentiates into
mesonephros
79
# intermediate mesoderm
mesonephros becomes
urinary and reproductive organs
80
# mesodermal differentiation
lateral mesoderm divides into ___ based on location
somatopleure (closer to outside ectoderm)
splachnopleure (closer to inside ectoderm)
81
# lateral mesoderm
somatopleure becomes
thoracic and abdominal structures (mesothelium and limbs); makes the walls of things
82
# lateral mesoderm
splachnopleure becomes
epithelium and connective tissue covering organs; respiratory, digestive, thyroid and parathyroid glands
83
# body shape acquisition
embryo folding or tubulation
endoderm
makes tubular structures that will later become the trachea, lungs and GIT
edges come together and make tubular structure
84
what is folded during endoderm tubulation
somatopleure or splachnopleure
85
# embryo folding/tubulation
ways of folding
cranio-caudal (median plane)
lateral (horizontal plane)
occur at the same time for rapid growth of embryo
86
embryonic origin of epithelium
ecto, meso and endoderm
87
embryonic origin of musculoskeletal tissue
mesoderm
88
embryonic origin of connective tissue
mesoderm
89
embryonic origin of nervous tissue
ectoderm
90
main structures formed from endoderm
GI and pulmonary
91
main structures formed from mesoderm
muscles
skeletal
genitourinary
92
main structures formed from ectoderm
skin and related structures
nervous
93
messenger that can specify a cell's differentiation pathway as a function of its concentration in the microenvironment of the target cell
morphogen
94
embryonic origin of skeletal muscle
paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomeres)
95
embryonic origin of cardiac muscle and purkinje fibers
lateral mesoderm (splacnopleura)
96
embryonic origin of smooth muscle
lateral mesoderm (splacnopleura)
97
bundles of type 1 collagen fibers connecting periosteum to bone
sharpey's fibers
98
stem cell line of osteoblasts, bone lining cells and osteocytes
mesenchymal
99
stem cell line of osteoclasts
hematopoieitic
100
intramembranous ossification
mesenchyme to bone
forms flat bones, heals fractures and seen when bones need to grow very fast
101
endochondral ossification
mesenchyme to cartilage anlage to bone
forms most long, short and irregular bones
ends at puberty, leaving an epiphyseal line when growth plates fuse
102
outcomes of bone remodeling
cutting cone
howship's lacuna
103
a cylindrical structure called secondary osteon or haversian system
cutting cone
104
a group of lamellae called a hemi-osteon or trabecular packet
howship's lacuna
105
secondary osteons and trabecular packets are surrounded by a \_\_\_; functions to stop the progress of microcracks
cement line
106
remnant of older osteons that were left behind after remodeling
interstitial lamellae
107
where is woven bone most common
young animals - mainly large mammals
fracture calluses
some bone tumors
108
where is fibrolamellar bone most common
large and rapidly growing mammales
109
where is circumferential lamellar bone most common
reptiles' long bones
110
area where blood vessels run between osteons connecting to the periosteum and endosteum
volkmann's canals
111
primary osteons
primary bone tissue made by replacing cartilage
no cement line
112
secondary osteons
“haversian system”
secondary bone tissue made by replacing existing bone
encircled by cement line
most common structure in small animal long bones
113
extracellular matrix composed of
fibrous material (type 2 collagen and elastin fibers)
gel like ground substance (sulfated glycosaminoglycans GAG, hyaluronic acid, water)
114
peripheral layer of vascularized, dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage; contains type 1 collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels and nerves in the **outer fibrous layer**; contains undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the **inner chondrogenic layer**
perichondrium
115
what types of cartilage lack perichondrium
articular hyaline and fibrocartilage
116
2-4 chondrocytes in small clusters within the same lacunae due to cell division; only in hyaline cartilage
isogenous group
117
where is hyaline cartilage found
embryonic bone templates
growth plate
articular cartilage
larynx, tracheal rings, bronchi
costal cartilage
nose
118
# articular cartilage
chondrocytes and collagen alignment in the **superficial zone**
elongated, inactive chondrocytes
collagen aligned parallel to joint surface
119
chondrocytes and collagen alignment in the **middle (transitional) zone**
spherical chondrocytes
collagen aligned randomly
120
chondrocytes and collagen alignment in the **deep (radial) zone**
chondrocytes arranged in column
collagen aligned vertical to joint surface
121
chondrocytes and collagen alignment in the **calcified cartilage zone**
transition to bone
collagen insert into calcified cartilage
122
interstitial growth; done by hyaline cartilage in growth plate
increase in length
123
towards which end of the growth plate does oxygen tension decrease
metaphyseal end
124
# growth plate
reserve cartilage zone
resting chondrocytes
type 2 collagen randomly oriented
125
# growth plate
cell proliferation zone
chondrocytes divide, create columns of flat lacunae
collagen fibers form longitudinal septa in between lacunae
126
# growth plate
cell hypertrophy/maturation zone
chondrocytes stop dividing and start hypertrophying
cartilage walls between lacunae are thinning
127
# growth plate
calcification zone
mineral deposited in the collagen matrix between chondrocyte columns
cartilage is calcified
128
# growth plate
bone deposition zone
chondrocytes die and horizontal walls between the lacunae break down
osteoblasts arrive and start to deposit osteoid on the calcified cartilage creating the primary spongiosa
129
# growth plate
metahpyesis
osteoblasts deposit concentric lamellae which will create the secondary spongiosa (trabeculae); concurrently chondroclasts remove the temporarily mineralized cartilage
130
contributes chondrocytes to the growth plate for the growth in diameter (appositional growth)
groove of ranvier
131
provides mechanical support for the weak bone-cartilage interface of the growth plate
ring of lacroix
132
where is elastic cartilage found
epiglottis
larynx
ear pinna
auditory tube
133
cartilage with alternating layers of collagen type 2 and type 1; collagen fibers oriented in the direction of stress; provides tensile and compressive strength and resist deformation
fibrocartilage
134
where is fibrocartilage found
intervertebral discs
pubic/pelvic symphysis
menisci
entheses
135
long, non-motile microvilli that lack filamentous core; remove polar residual bodies, absorb extra water; ex. hair cells in the inner ear
stereocilia
136
# epithelial intercellular junctions
cells with **tight junctions (zona occludens)**
columnar cells, apical border
ex. intestinal mucosa
137
# epithelial intercellular junctions
cells with **terminal bars (zona adherens)**
cuboidal and columnar cells; various tissues
138
# epithelial intercellular junctions
cells with **desmosomes (macula adherens)**
squamous epithelium of epidermis
139
# epithelial intercellular junctions
cells with **gap junctions**
cuboidal epithelium; tissues that need quick signaling
ex. renal tubule
140
merocrine secretion
release through vesicles by exocytosis, cytoplasm intact
141
holocrine secretion
secretion is terminal, cells disintegrate afterwards
142
apocrine secretion
membrane bound blebs of cytoplasm
143
mucus secretion
mucins (glycosylated proteins)
lubrication and protection
ex. goblet cells
144
what stain could you use to identify mucus cells
PAS
145
serous secretion
non-glycosylated proteins; digestive enzymes
ex. pancreas
146
seromucous glands (complex secretion)
combination of digestive enzymes and mucus
ex. salivary gland
147
spindle to stellate shape
open face nucleus with nucleoli; surrounded b amorphous ground substance
stem cell for other connective tissue types and smooth muscle
mesenchymal cells
148
originate from mesenchymal cell
does not make ECM
surrounded and supported by reticular collagen and fibroblasts
adipocytes
149
most common connective tissue cell
fusiform shape with elongated nucleus
produce ECM
fibroblasts
150
ECM amorphous ground substance contains
GAGs
proteoglycans
adhesive glycoproteins
151
ECM protein fibers include
collagen
reticulin
elastin
152
amorphous ECM functions
lubrication
diffusion
blockage
adhesion
153
GAGs
hyaluronic acid
eases cell migration, molecular diffusion and lubrication
154
GAGs plus proteoglycans
dermatan (chondroitin, keratan, heparan) sulfate
lubricant, space filling
155
adhesive glycoproteins in ECM
laminin
found in basal lamina, endomysium, subendothelium
156
collagen type 3
reticulin
157
most abundent collage type
collagen type 1
158
stains for reticulin
silver
PAS
159
interspersed with collagen, provide stretching; produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
elastic fibers
160
stain for mucinous matrix
alcian blue stain
161
stain for elastin fibers
orcein stain
162
stain for adipocytes
oil red O
