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Reproduction & Sexual Health > Histology & Embryology > Flashcards

Histology & Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two roles of the ovaries

A
  • produce gametes

- produce steroids

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2
Q

What are the two key structures in the ovary?

A

Medulla and cortex

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3
Q

Describe the ovarian medulla

A

Forms the core of the organ and contains loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics it is continuous with the hilum

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4
Q

Describe the ovarian cortex

A

Scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma - outer shell is a dense connective tissue layer (tunica albnginea covered by cuboidal epithelium- germinal epithelium)

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the ovary?

A

Helicine arteries from the broad ligament

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6
Q

Name the five types of follicle

A 
Primordial 
Primary 
Late primary 
Secondary 
Mature Graafian
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7
Q

How does a primordial follicle form?

A

Primary oocyte associates with pregranulosa cells which are squamous but change to cuboidal

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8
Q

Once the cells change from squamous to cuboidal what does the follicle become?

A

Primary follicle

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9
Q

Describe the primary follicle

A

A layer of extracellular matrix forms called the mona pellucida
Stroma cells are associating with the outside of the follicle and form the theca folliculi

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10
Q

Describe the late primary follicle

A

Granulosa cell layer proliferates, theca follicle forms the theca interna and secretes oestrogen precursors (converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells)
Theca externa is a fibroblast like outer layer

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11
Q

What structural changes occur to the secondary follicle?

A

Enlarges and the antrum forms, it fills with follicular fluid.

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12
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

Layer of cells surrounding the oocyte and keep it close to the follicular antrum

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13
Q

What happens to the graafian follicle?

A

One day before ovulation it will complete meiosis 1 and produce a secondary oocyte and polar body that carries the second nucleus away to degenerate

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14
Q

What is the name given to the granuloma cells surrounding the oocyte?

A

Corona radiata

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15
Q

What is the name of the structure left after the oocyte is released in ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

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16
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum after ovulation?

A

No implantation - corpus albicans

Implantation - placenta secretes HCG to prevent degeneration of the corpus luteum to maintain progesterone levels

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17
Q

What cells line the ampulla of the uterine tubes?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with ciliated secretory cells

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18
Q

What cells line the isthmus of the uterine tubes?

A

Secretory epithelium

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19
Q

How many layers of muscle do the ampulla and isthmus have?

A

Ampulla - two layers

Isthmus - three layers

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20
Q

What are each of the layer of the uterus made of?

A

Endometrium - inner secretory mucosa
Myometrium - three layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen elastic tissue
Perimetrium - loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis

Stratum basalis

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22
Q

What is the cellular transition of the cervix?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium transitions to simple columnar epithelium

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23
Q

Name the four layers of the vagina

A
  1. Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Fibromuscular layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle)
  4. Adventitia
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24
Q

What immune barrier is present in the vagina?

A

Commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria

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25
Q

Describe the mons pubis

A

Skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles overlying subcutaneous fat pad which overlies pubic symphysis

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26
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Continuation of the mons pubis - apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands with bundles fo smooth muscle

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27
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

Thin skin folds - no fat or hair follicles rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands

28
Q

Describe the cellular transition at the hymen

A

Keratinised epithelium becomes non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

29
Q

Describe the clitoris

A

Two tubes of erectile vascular tissue covered by fibro-collagenous sheath - rich innervation and thin epidermis

30
Q

What gestational day does the embryo attach to the uterine wall?

A

Day 6

31
Q

Name the two layers the embryo forms

A

Epiblast and Hypoblast

32
Q

Describe grastrulation

A

Cells from the epiblast migrate towards and through the primitive streak to form a new layer (mesoderm)

33
Q

What do the epiblast and hypoblast become?

A

Ectoderm and Endoderm

34
Q

Name the three parts of the mesoderm

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral

35
Q

What processes allow formation of internal organs?

A

Folding - lateral and cranial/caudal

36
Q

Which layer does the urogenital system arise from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

37
Q

What are the names of the longitudinal masses formed on either side of the primitive aorta?

A

Urogenital ridges

38
Q

Name the structure where the excretory ducts enter

A

Cloaca

39
Q

At what week does gonad differentiation start to occur

A

Week 7

40
Q

Which cells ultimately make sperm and ova?

A

Primordial Germ Cells

41
Q

What do the genital ridges eventually form and what from?

A

Gonads

Coelomic epithelium - mesothelium lining of the peritoneal cavity

42
Q

What happens as the primordial germ cells are enveloped in the genital ridge?

A

Formation of sex cords

43
Q

Name the two genital ducts

A

Mesonephric (male)

Paramesonephric (female)

44
Q

Where do the genital ducts connect?

A

Into the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus

45
Q

What signals for female development?

A

Absence of SRY transcription factor

46
Q

What is another name for cortical cords?

A

Secondary sex cords - incorporate germ cells into them

47
Q

What happens to the germ cells in the sex cords in female development?

A

Differentiate into oogonia and primary oocyte and rest in prophase 1

48
Q

What is the significance of theca cells?

A

Produce androgens required to stimulate oestrogen production which in turn stimulates development of paramesonephric ducts

49
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts become?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus, superior vagina

50
Q

Name the three parts of the paramesonephric ducts

A
  • cranial portion opens up to coelomic cavity
  • horizontal portion crosses the mesonephric duct
  • caudal portion fuses with the paramesonephric duct not he other side
51
Q

Describe the uterovaginal canal

A

Fusion of caudal portion, gives rise to the uterus and superior vagina

52
Q

What does the urogenital sinus become?

A

Sinuvaginal bulb then by vacuolisation forms a lumen

53
Q

What signals for male development?

A

SRY transcription factor

54
Q

What cell does SRY transcription factor stimulate?

A

Sertoli cells

55
Q

What happens to the cells that do not become sertoli cells?

A

Engulfed in seminephrous tubules

56
Q

Name the sperm precursor

A

Spermatogonia

57
Q

When the testis cord anastomose what is formed?

A

Rete testis - connects the mesonephric duct which will ultimately be the Vas deferens

58
Q

What is the function of AMH?

A

Degeneration of paramesonephric duct

59
Q

What do sertoli cells stimulate?

A

Gonadal ridge cells to form leydig cells

60
Q

What is the function of leydig cells?

A

Secrete testosterone

61
Q

Name the structures that testosterone induces the formation of

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

62
Q

What hormone induces male specific external genitalia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

63
Q

Where do the testes originate?

A

10th thoracic level

64
Q

What structure pulls the testes caudally?

A

Gubernaculum

65
Q

Name the three male accessory glands

A
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral
  • seminal

Reproduction & Sexual Health (36 decks)

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