Histology - Cole Flashcards

1
Q

describe pathway of blood flow from renal artery on

A

renal a. –> segmental (lobar) a. –> interlobar a. –> arcuate a.

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2
Q

what gives off the structures that makes the glomerulus?

A

interlobular artery

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3
Q

what does the renal corpuscle do?

A

filters fluid from blood

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4
Q

what does the tubular portion do?

A

modifies filtrate into urine

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5
Q

what surrounds the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

vasa recta

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6
Q

what makes up the uriniferous tubule?

A

nephron

collecting tube/duct

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7
Q

what makes up the renal tubule?

A

PCT, loop of Henle, DCT which empties into the CT

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8
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule (visceral and parietal layers)

tufts of fenestrated capillaries - glomerulus

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9
Q

what layer of Bowman’s capsule is lined by podocytes?

what is the parietal layer made of?

A

visceral layer

simple squamous epithelium

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10
Q

what makes up the glomerulus?

A

podocytes, fenestrated endothelial cells, mesangial cells

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11
Q

what makes up the JG apparatus?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles
Macula densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
JG cells

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12
Q

what are the functions of the mesangial cells?

A

contractile - reduce/inc. blood flow through caps
phagocytic (reabsorption)
Secretory - PGs and and endothelins
supportive - where visceral layer is absent (modified smooth m.)
CPSS

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13
Q

describe the glomerular capillaries

what are they permeable to?

what are they a barrier to?

A

fenestrated, large pores not covered by a diaphragm

water, glucose, urea, small proteins

formed elements in blood and large macromolecules

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14
Q

what does the basal lamina contain?

A

type 4 collagen
laminin
fibronectin
(-) charged proteoglycans

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15
Q

what does each pedical have?

A

glycocalyx of negatively-charged podocalyxin

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16
Q

what are the pedicles separated by?

A

filtration slits and covered by slit diaphragm

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17
Q

what does nephrin do?

A

retards passage of molecules through fenestrations and basal lamina

18
Q

mutations in nephrin gene lead to what?

A

congenital nephrotic syndrome

19
Q

what are large molecules trapped by?

what stops negatively charged molecules?

A

basal lamina

basal lamina and podocytes

20
Q

what kind of epithelium in PCT?

A

cuboidal/low columnar

microvilli w/brush border

21
Q

function of PCT?

A

reabsorption of glucose, a.a., vitamins, Na, Cl, H20

22
Q

function of loop of Henle?

A

form hypertonic urine by establishing osmotic gradient in hte interstitial fluid of medulla

23
Q

where is the thin ascending loop found?

what kind of epithelial of entire loop?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons only

squamous

24
Q

what is the descending loop of Henle permeable to?

A

water and salt

as filtrate passes deeper, water is lost making it hypertonic

25
what does the ascending loop have? what is it impermeable to? what does it do?
Na/K/Cl Pump (symporter) water makes filtrate isotonic or even hypotonic
26
what kind of epithelium in DCT?
low cuboidal
27
what do Principal cells do? intercalated cells?
reabsorb Na, secrete K secrete H+ and HCO3-
28
what is the macula densa sensitive to? what does it regulate via what mechanism?
NaCl GFR by constricting afferent arteriole through Renin
29
what does decreased blood volume stimulate?
detection by macula densa and release of Renin by JG cells AGII causes aldosterone to be secreted by suprarenal glands and reabsorption of Na and water by DCT, CT, and CD
30
what does aldosterone cause pumping of?
H and K ions into the lumen
31
what does ANF do? what secretes it?
increases Na and water EXCRETION opposes aldosterone, inhibits ADH release atrial myocytes
32
what is urodilatin secreted by? what does it do?
DCT and CD cells inhibits NaCl and water reabsorption by medullary part and collecting ducts
33
name flow from DCT out to ureter
CTs --> CDs --> papilla --> minor calyx --> major calyx --> renal pelvis --> ureter
34
what releases ADH? what does it do?
neurohypohysis (posterior pituitary) reabsorb water from collecting ducts
35
describe the characteristics of urothelium
stratified umbrella cells lined by desmosomes and tight junctions forms osmotic barrier
36
what is the function of aldosterone? what stimulates it?
reabsorption of NaCl in ascending loop of Henle, DCT, prinipal cells of CTs increase in plasma [ ] of AgII and K+
37
what endocrine products does the kidney make?
EPO, Vitamin D, renin, PGs
38
what makes up the male urethra? what kind of epithelium?
prostatic --> membranous --> penile transitional --> pseudostratified/stratified columnar
39
what epithelium makes up the female urethra?
pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous to moderately keratinized stratified squamous
40
what does the female urethra consist of?
inner smooth m. layer surrounded by external striated m. layer
41
what are the functions of the urinary system?
REEC | regulation, elimination, endocrine, conservation