Histology Basics

Question 1

Light microscope ?

Answer 1

Is the most common

Question 2

Phase contrast

Answer 2

Deals with living things without stains

Question 3

Fluorescent microscopes?

Answer 3

Depends on ultraviolet rays

Question 4

Electron microscope

Answer 4

High magnification and resolution power

Question 5

Hematoxylin

Answer 5

Basic stain , turns blue if basophilic

Question 6

Eosin

Answer 6

Acidic stain , turns red if acidophillic

Question 7

Nb

Answer 7

Basophilic structures are acidic in nature
Acidophilic structures are basic in nature
Ex: nucleic acid is basophilic

Question 8

Cella are formed of ?

Answer 8

Cytoplasms and karyoplasms

Question 9

Cytoplasm contains

Answer 9

Hyaloplasm organelles cell inclusions

Question 10

Cytoplasm is essentially

Answer 10

Hyaloplasm , organelles, and cell inclusions

Question 11

The karyoplasm is?

Answer 11

The nucleus

Question 12

What is the hyaloplasm?

Answer 12

A viscid colloidal mass formed of CHO , lipids , proteins , and enzymes

Question 13

What’s embedded on the hyaloplasm ?

Answer 13

Nucleus , organelles, and cellular inclusions

Question 14

What are the two different types of organelles ?

Answer 14

Membranous and non membranous organelles

Question 15

What are cell inclusions

Answer 15

Non living , inert that contain stored food , pigments , and secretions

Question 16

Stored food (aka cell inclusion) examples?

Answer 16

CHO ( stored as glycogen)

Question 17

How do we stain CHO

Answer 17

Under LM they can be stained by
PAS and appear purple
Best’s carmine and appear red .

Question 18

Other methods of staining glycogen include ?

Answer 18

Under EM, they appear into two forms :
Alpha granules : found at liver and are rosette in shape
Beta granules : found at muscle , are irregular dense granules .

Question 19

Other examples of stored food ?

Answer 19

Lipids and pigments .

Question 20

How do lipids appear under different microscopes?

Answer 20

Under LN:
By HX &E have a signet ring appearance due to fat dissolving in the stain

Question 21

How do lipids appear under special stains ?

Answer 21

1- sudan black and it appears black in color
2 -Sudan III and it appears orange in color
3- Osmic acid .

Question 22

What are the two different types of pigments ?

Answer 22

Endogenous and exogenous pigments

Question 23

What are the 3 different types of endogenous pigments ?

Answer 23

Melanin, hemoglobin, lipofusin

Question 24

What are the functions of said endogenous pigments ?

Answer 24

Melanain : protects against UV rays
Hemoglobin: found in RBCs , broken into hemosiderin & bilirubin
Lipofusin : found in nerve cells and heart muscles, increases with age , represents waste product

Question 25

Examples of exogenous pigments

Answer 25

1-Dust and carbon 2-tattoo 3 - Carotene in carrots Nb Carotenoma gives off a yellowish skin color as due to excessive consumption of carrots

Question 26

Secretion granules ?

Answer 26

Mucoud and serous

Question 27

Crystals?

Answer 27

Curate crystals which cause gout

Question 28

Membranous organelles properties

Answer 28

Have permanent structures , contain enzymes , fuel metabolism .

Question 29

Non membranous organelles

Answer 29

Antis of membranous organelles .

Question 30

Exs of membranous organelles?

Answer 30

Cell membrane Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Lysosome Peroxisomes Coated vesicles Endosomes

Question 31

Other examples of membranous organelles ?

Answer 31

Endoplasmic reticulum Annulate lamellae

Question 32

Nonmembranous organelles

Answer 32

Centrioles ( ex : cillia and flagella ) Cytoskeleton ( filaments and microtubules ) Ribosomes

Question 33

Cell membrane alternative name?

Answer 33

Plasmalemma

Question 34

What does the cell membrane consist of ?

Answer 34

Lipids: phospholipid :hydrophilic head charged , directed outwards , appears dark by EM ( ofosmium decay ) Non polar tail : hydrophobic , non charged , directed inwards , responsible for permeability of cell membrane 2- cholestrol: responsible for rigidity

Question 35

What else does the cell membrane consist of ?

Answer 35

Protein content : extrinsic and intrinsic Cell coat : glycocalyx

Question 36

Extrinsic ( peripheral ) protein is ?

Answer 36

Loosely attached Can be easily removed Found on both surfaces

Question 37

Integral ( intrinsic ) protein

Answer 37

Embedded in lipid bilayer ( firmly attached ) Presents itself as a lipid bilayer formed of polar and non polar area (2 hydrophillic heads and a hydrophobic center ) Minimally a barrier Largely responsible for transport

Question 38

Cell coat (glycocalyx)