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Anatomy > Histology Basics > Flashcards

Histology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscope ?

A

Is the most common

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2
Q

Phase contrast

A

Deals with living things without stains

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3
Q

Fluorescent microscopes?

A

Depends on ultraviolet rays

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4
Q

Electron microscope

A

High magnification and resolution power

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5
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Basic stain , turns blue if basophilic

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6
Q

Eosin

A

Acidic stain , turns red if acidophillic

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7
Q

Nb

A

Basophilic structures are acidic in nature
Acidophilic structures are basic in nature
Ex: nucleic acid is basophilic

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8
Q

Cella are formed of ?

A

Cytoplasms and karyoplasms

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9
Q

Cytoplasm contains

A

Hyaloplasm organelles cell inclusions

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10
Q

Cytoplasm is essentially

A

Hyaloplasm , organelles, and cell inclusions

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11
Q

The karyoplasm is?

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

What is the hyaloplasm?

A

A viscid colloidal mass formed of CHO , lipids , proteins , and enzymes

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13
Q

What’s embedded on the hyaloplasm ?

A

Nucleus , organelles, and cellular inclusions

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14
Q

What are the two different types of organelles ?

A

Membranous and non membranous organelles

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15
Q

What are cell inclusions

A

Non living , inert that contain stored food , pigments , and secretions

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16
Q

Stored food (aka cell inclusion) examples?

A

CHO ( stored as glycogen)

17
Q

How do we stain CHO

A

Under LM they can be stained by
PAS and appear purple
Best’s carmine and appear red .

18
Q

Other methods of staining glycogen include ?

A

Under EM, they appear into two forms :
Alpha granules : found at liver and are rosette in shape
Beta granules : found at muscle , are irregular dense granules .

19
Q

Other examples of stored food ?

A

Lipids and pigments .

20
Q

How do lipids appear under different microscopes?

A

Under LN:
By HX &E have a signet ring appearance due to fat dissolving in the stain

21
Q

How do lipids appear under special stains ?

A

1- sudan black and it appears black in color
2 -Sudan III and it appears orange in color
3- Osmic acid .

22
Q

What are the two different types of pigments ?

A

Endogenous and exogenous pigments

23
Q

What are the 3 different types of endogenous pigments ?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, lipofusin

24
Q

What are the functions of said endogenous pigments ?

A

Melanain : protects against UV rays
Hemoglobin: found in RBCs , broken into hemosiderin & bilirubin
Lipofusin : found in nerve cells and heart muscles, increases with age , represents waste product

25
Q

Examples of exogenous pigments

A

1-Dust and carbon
2-tattoo
3 - Carotene in carrots
Nb
Carotenoma gives off a yellowish skin color as due to excessive consumption of carrots

26
Q

Secretion granules ?

A

Mucoud and serous

27
Q

Crystals?

A

Curate crystals which cause gout

28
Q

Membranous organelles properties

A

Have permanent structures , contain enzymes , fuel metabolism .

29
Q

Non membranous organelles

A

Antis of membranous organelles .

30
Q

Exs of membranous organelles?

A

Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Peroxisomes
Coated vesicles
Endosomes

31
Q

Other examples of membranous organelles ?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Annulate lamellae

32
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

Centrioles ( ex : cillia and flagella )
Cytoskeleton ( filaments and microtubules )
Ribosomes

33
Q

Cell membrane alternative name?

A

Plasmalemma

34
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of ?

A

Lipids: phospholipid :hydrophilic head charged , directed outwards , appears dark by EM ( ofosmium decay )
Non polar tail : hydrophobic , non charged , directed inwards , responsible for permeability of cell membrane
2- cholestrol: responsible for rigidity

35
Q

What else does the cell membrane consist of ?

A

Protein content : extrinsic and intrinsic
Cell coat : glycocalyx

36
Q

Extrinsic ( peripheral ) protein is ?

A

Loosely attached
Can be easily removed
Found on both surfaces

37
Q

Integral ( intrinsic ) protein

A

Embedded in lipid bilayer ( firmly attached )
Presents itself as a lipid bilayer formed of polar and non polar area
(2 hydrophillic heads and a hydrophobic center )
Minimally a barrier
Largely responsible for transport

38
Q

Cell coat (glycocalyx)

A

Anatomy (4 decks)

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