Anatomy Semester One Flashcards
Subdivisions of anatomy ?
Gross anatomy , microscopic anatomy , pathological anatomy ( pathology) , embryology , developmental anatomy , surface anatomy , surface anatomy , radiographic anatomy , clinical anatomy
Gross anatomy
Naked eye detected anatomy
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes in body caused by disease
Surface anatomy
Study of shapes and markings on body . Used to detect blood vessels for placing catheters , feeling for pulse , and drawing blood
Radiological anatomy
Study of internal body using X rat and other methods.
Clinical anatomy
Practical usage of anatomy to solve clinical med problems
Skin - superficial fascia - deep fascia
Muscles - skeleton and cavities - viscera
Tissue types ?
Epithelial tissue , connective tissue , muscular tissue , nervous tissue
Systems in the human body ?
Integumentary , skeletal , muscular , cardiovascular , respiratory , immune ,digestive, urinary , reproductive , nervous,endocrine
Structural organisation in human body ?
Chemical - cellular - tissue-organ - system - organism
Anatomical position description?
Subject stands erect, eyes forward , feet together , arms straight and by the sides , palms facing forwards.
Terms of position
10
Cephalic
Superior , towards the head
Caudal
Inferior , away from the head
Posterior ( dorsal)
Nearer to back of body
Medial
Near the midline of the body
Proximal
Near the origin the origin of the limb
Distal
Away from origin of said limb
Lateral
Away from midline of body
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Anterior ( ventral)
Nearer to the front of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
Other terms of positions ?
Superficial( near the surface of the body )
Deep ( away from the surface of the body )
Terms of movement
16
Flexion
Decrease angle between two bones
Extension
Increase angle between two bones
Abduction
يخطف
Move away from the body
Adduction
Move towards the body
Adduction
Move towards body
Circumduction
Combination of four movements ( flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction )
Retraction
Move backwards
Pronation
Medial rotation of forearm
Supination
Lateral rotation of forearm
Elevation
Move upwards
Depression
Move downwards
Opposition
Movement of thumb to touch tops of other digits
Reposition
Return of the thumb to its anatomical position
Eversion
Movement of the foot to face the sole laterally
Inversion
Movement of foot to face the foot medially
Depression
Move downwards
Anatomical planes
Median (mid sagittal)
Paramedian ( para - sagittal)
Coronal ( frontal )
Transverse ( horizontal)
Mid sagittal( median)
Divides body into left and right equal halves
Para sagittal ( para median)
Divides body into right & left
Coronal ( frontal)
Divides body into anterior &posterior parts
Tranverse ( horizontal)
Divides body into superior &inferior parts
Two types of body cavities?
Vertebral and cranial
Skin properties?
Largest organ of the body in weight . Weighs 4:5 kilograms.
7% of body weight in the average adult
Skin functions
Protection of deep structures
Regulation of body temperature
Secretion through sweat and sebaceous glands
Sensation
Synthesis of vitamin D
Epidermis & dermis differences
Dermis is deep and thick , epidermis is superficial and thin
Epidermis is avascular , dermis is vascular
Epidermis is ectodermal , dermis is mesodermal
Epidermis is avascular , so no bleeding occurs if scratched
Dermis is vascular so bleeding occurs if scratched
Skin appendages ?
Hair and hair follicles : absent in palms, soles , and lips
Sweat glands : absent in nipples and parts of external genitalia
Sebaceous (oil) glands :absent in the palm and sole
Nail: hard plates of tightly packed dead epidermal cells
Superficial fascia functions ?
Connects skin to deep fascia
Conducts vessels and nerves
Prevents heat loss due to fat content
Gives body its round contours
Superfiscial fascia are absent in
Eyelids and auricle
Penis and scrotum
Deep fascia is
A membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the mucles and other deep structures
Deep fascia is absent in ?
Anterior abdominal wall
Face
Three different types of deep fascia ?
Aponeurosis (for protection)
Sheathes ( around neurovascular structures)
Retinacula in the region of the joints , it is thickened to form retinacula .
( hold tendons in position)
Other types of deep fascia ?
Intermuscular septa
Intermuscular septa
Extend between groups of muscles that divide limbs into compartments
Classification of bones according to position?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton ?
Skull
Vertebral column (7 cervical , 12 thoracic ,5 lumbar vertebrae, 1sacrum , and one coccyx )
Thoracic cage ( sternum , 12 pairs of ribs , and 12 thoracic vertebrae )
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of upper limb
Bones of lower limbs
Classification of bones according to structure
Compact bones and spongy bones
Compact bones : at the surface of all bones
Spongy bone : found in the interior of bones protected by compact bone from the outside
Spongy bone of the skull is called ?
Diploe
Classification of bones according to shape :
Long bones , short bones, flat bones , irregular bones , pneumatic bones , sutural bones .
