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MSK1 > Histology and Physiology > Flashcards

Histology and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe loose CT

A

areolar
Elastic fibers and collagen fibers in ground substance. Fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and capillaries

In tunica adventitia of blood vessels, muccosa and sub mucosa,

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2
Q

Describe dense regular CT

A

Found in ligaments, tendons, eyes, fascia

Parallel bundles of collagen fibers separated by linear rows of fibrocytes

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3
Q

Describe dense irregular CT

A

Dermis layer of skin and submucosa of GI tract
Corse, thick intertwined bundles of collagen fibers
Few fibroblasts

Reticular CT and
Elastic CT: fibers produced by smooth muscle cells to form discontinous lamellae around lumen

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4
Q

Adipocytes are modified ______

A

fibroblast

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5
Q

What do fibroblasts make?

A

Spindle-shaped cell and oval nucleus: synthesize and secrete proteoglycyans, glycoproteins, and precursor molecules of collagen and elastin

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6
Q

Type I collagen

A

Tough guy
Fibrillar
Bone, tendon, dentin

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7
Q

Type II collagen

A

Hyaline and elastic cartilage
Thinner
Fibrillar

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8
Q

Type III collagen

A

Reticular lamina of basement membranes

Fibrillar

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9
Q

Type IV collagen

A

non fibrillar
basal lamina
no bundles

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10
Q

Type V collagen

A

Fetal amnion and chorion

Muscle and tendon sheaths

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11
Q

What forms elastin in skin and tendons?

A

Fibroblasts

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12
Q

What makes elastin in elastic cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

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13
Q

What makes elastin in blood vessels and respiratory tract?

A

Smooth muscles

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14
Q

Hypovitaminosis A

A

Retards growth, reduces width of epiphyseal plate

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15
Q

Hypovitaminosis C

A

Inhibits matrix synthesis, leads to deformation of epiphyseal plate and scurvy

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16
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Chondrocytes proliferate but matrix does not calcify properly
Rickets

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17
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

no perichondrium
Chondrocytes in rows
Abundant in collagen I and II
Ground substance has dermatan and chondroitin sulfate
Found in attachments of ligamentns to articuclar surfaces

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18
Q

The outer layer of perichondrium

A

fibroblasts, collagen I and blood vessels

Fibrogenic cells

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19
Q

Inner perichondrium

A

Chondrogenic-give rise to chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

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20
Q

Appositional growth

A

Formss new cartilage on surface of pre-existing cartilage
Occurs within inner layer of pericondrium
Chondrogenic cells - Collagen I
Chondroblasts - Collagen II

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21
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Takes place within cartilage mass
Chondrocytes divide within lacunae
Increase mass of cartilage

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22
Q

In adults describe cartilage repair

A

In adults, few chondrocytes are produced

Cartilage usually replaced by dense CT or bone if vascularized

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23
Q

Cranial synostosis

A

Bone growth instead of cartilage repair

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24
Q

Cell type A

A

Phagocytic

Contains lysosomes to clear articular cavity of debris formed by friction of articular cartilages

25
Q

Describe cell type B

A

Produce synovial fluid
Fluid has hyaluronic acid to increase viscosity
Lubricin to reduce friction

26
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft

Compact bone surrounds marrow cavity

27
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of bone
Spongy bone surrounded by thin compact bone
Contains growth plate or epiphyseal plate

28
Q

The connective tissue lining of the marrow cavity of the bone

A

endosteum

29
Q

What are osteons

A

Haversian systems: unit of sstructure

30
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiation regulated by what?

A

BMP and Cbfa1

Cells are resting and capable of differentiating into osteoblasts
Squamous

31
Q

Differentiation of osteoblasts controlled by what?

A

Cbfa1, Runx2 and osteocalcin

32
Q

What directs the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts?

A

Sox9

33
Q

What do osteoblasts deposit?

A

Osteoid

34
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature or differentiated osteoblasts
Maintain bone matrix
Solitary cells, usually flattened or spindle-shaped
Canaliculi

35
Q

Wht are osteoclasts

A

Monocyte-macrophage progenitor cells of bone marrow
Located in Howship’s lacunae
Break down mineralized bone

36
Q

What is the first indicator of osteogenesis?

A

Cbfa1/Runx2

37
Q

Describe intramembranous osteogeneis

A

Occurs on or within fibrous CT
Osteoblasts deposit osteoid
Primary bone formed
Several ossification centers interconnect to form trabeculae

Skull bones and clavicle

38
Q

Describe endochondral osteogenesis

A

Bone replaces a pre-existing cartilaginous template
Chondrocytes in cartilage template become isolated by type II collagen
Chondrocytes hypertrophy and produce type X collagen which promotes angiogenesis
Increased blood vessels and promotes calcification
Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis

Primary centers in diaphysis
Secondary in epiphysis

39
Q

Describe the zones of endochondral osteogenesis

A

Reserve zone: hyaline cartilage just below epiphyseal cartilage
Proliferation zone: chondrocytes proliferate, vertical stacks
Hypertrophic zone: chondrocytes enlarge, matrix calcifies, angiogenesis
Vascular invasion zone: blood vessels invade osteoprogenitor cells move in

40
Q

What indicates the edge of a remodeled osteon?

A

cement line

41
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

More bone resorbed than replaced.

42
Q

Describe bone fracture repair

A 
Damaged blood vessels clot
Die back
Death of osteons around break
Macrophages remove debris
Intense proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells from periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblasts for cellular collar 
Immature bone formed
Trabeculae bone unite to form bony callus
Woven bone remodeled into lamellar
43
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Bone ends rub together because of thinned cartilage

44
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Swollen inflamed synovial membrane, bone erosion

45
Q

Cell migration and specification during gastrulation is controlled by what?

A

FGF8

46
Q

What is the anterior visceral endoderm?

A

Expresses genes essential for head formation, several TFs as well as secreted factors cerberus and lefty

47
Q

What genes are expressed on the side that will be dorsal mesoderm?

A

Goosecoid which inhibits BMP

Notochord and paraxial mesoderm formed

48
Q

What is the T gene?

A

Brachyrury T gene regulates dorsal mesoderm formatioon in middle and caudal regions
Antagonizes BMP

If not there then ->caudal dysgenesis: shortening of embryo
-sacral agenesis, sirenomelia

49
Q

Summarize roles of FGF8, Lefty and Pitx2 and serotonin in development of laterality

A

Cells in primitive node secrete FGF8
Expression of nodal on left side only
Shh on left side (activin inhibits Shh on right)
FgF8 induces lefty 2 expression
Nodal and Lefty 2 regulate PITx2 with serotonin

50
Q

What happens if no serotonin for developing embryo?

A

Situs inversus, dextrocardia and heart defects

Situs inversus - heart liver, stomach on opposite side
Visceral heterotaxy - unusual degree of symmetry of some thoracic and abdominal organs

51
Q

Name syndrome: nodal flow is compromised. Respiratory dysfunction, situs inversus, autosomal recessive, infertility in males?

A

Kartagener syndrome

52
Q

Disease category when there is defect of neural tube

A

Rachischisis

  • Split notochord
  • premature dysjunction
  • Non-dysjunction
  • neuropores
53
Q

What wave fails to close if cerebrum does not form properly, not usually viable

A

Anencephaly

Wave 2

54
Q

What wave fails for spina bifida?

A

Wave 1 and 5

55
Q

Describe the types of spina bifida

A

Spina bifida occulta - Vertebra does not form all the way around
Spina bifida menigocele - meninges come out
Spina bifida menigomyeloele - meninges and spinal cord
Spina bifida myeloschisis - meniges and spinal cord exposed to outside

56
Q

What happens if there is a failure of neural tube closure inbetween wave 4 and 1?

A

Encephalocele

57
Q

Associated malformation in secondary neurulation is called what?

A

myelodysplasias
Milder form usually covered by skin: large capiliaries and prominent dimples, telangiectasias

Conus medullaris and filum terminale abnormally attached to defective vertebral column - constant traction

58
Q

What is another name for embryonic connective tissue?

A

Wharton’s jelly

In umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth
Rich in extracellular matrix and stem cells
Not many cocllagen and reticular fibers

MSK1 (2 decks)

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