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MSK Exam 2 Corey > Histology And Physioligy > Flashcards

Histology And Physioligy Flashcards

1
Q

Scurvy is caused by what connective tissue disfunction

A

Vitamin C deficiency- cross linking deficiency

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2
Q

Ehlers Danlos connective tissue deficiency…..

A

Abnormal collagen synthesis

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3
Q

Collagen triple helix is made with …..

A

2 alpha 1 fibers

1 alpha 2 fiber

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4
Q

Marfan’s syndrome caused by what connective tissue deficiency….

A

Mutation in fibrillin causing weak elastin.

Stretchy skin, weak valves/blood vessels, long limbs.

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5
Q

Embryonic connective tissue is…..more ECM than Cell or more cell than ECM

A

More ECM than cell

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6
Q

Adult mesenchynal cells can form 5 different cell types

A 
Fibroblast
Muscle cells
Osteoblast
Chondroblast
Adipocyte
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7
Q

3 loose connective tissues

3 dense connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Dense irregular
Dense regular
Elastic

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8
Q

Loose connective tissue function/location

A

Hold body fluid, defend infection

Beneath membranous epithelial, around BV, muscle, nerves

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9
Q

Function location of adipose tissue

A

Energy source, insulation, cushion of body/organs

Under skin, around organs.

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10
Q

Reticular tissue function and location

A

Open framework to hold/slow cells

In liver, bone marrow, spleen

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11
Q

Dense regular tissue function and location

A

Provided tense strength in the direction of the fibers.

Tendon, ligament, aponeurosis, joint capsule

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12
Q

Elastic tissue function and location

A

Provided recoil strength back to normal

Elastic blood vessel(aorta, pulmonary artery), bronchioles

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13
Q

Dense irregular tissue function and location

A

Give overall general support and strength in multiple directions. Prevent shearing.

Dermis of skin, capsules around organs, fascia, perichondrium and periosteum

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14
Q

2 organization patterns of actin and function/location

A

Actin bundles- long parrellel chains
-make villi, contractile fibers(muscle cells)

Actin networks- loosely cross linked arrays of 3D mesh

  • form general shape of cells(blood cells)
  • Allow phagocytosis/protrusions of cell shape
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15
Q

Fimbrin vs alpha actinin vs filamin

A

Fimbrin- very tight parellel segments(micro villa)

Actinin- hold filaments farther apart to make room for motor proteins(myosin)/ contractile bundles

Filamin- binds actin as a crosslinked/perpendicular diner for networks/sheets

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16
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis cause/symptoms

A

Mutation of spectrum/ankyrin

No binding of actin network to the cell membrane

RBC cell shape ruined and cells die premature
Jaundice,anemia,spenomegaly

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle uses which myosin?
Vesicle Myosin?

Head vs neck vs tail

A

Myosin 2
Myosin 5

Head= bind actin and ATP

Neck- produce force/length determines speed of contraction
- contains light chain region for REGULATION

Tail- binds materials as needed (vesicles transport)

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18
Q

Duchene muscular dystrophy

Cause, mechanism, symptoms

A

Mutations in gene(in frame =less sever Becker’s, out frame = worse duchene)

Force of myosin can not be transfered to cell membrane and basal lamina= no movement

Muscular wasting= respiratory failure about 22 years old

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19
Q

Intrafusal vs extrafusal fibers

1 sensory fiber? 2 motor fibers?

A

Intrafusal fiber- deep in muscle to sense stretch.

  • send signal via Type 1a nerve fiber
  • contract via type G nerve fiber

Extrafusal fiber- regular muscle fiber
- contract via type A nerve fiber

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20
Q

Which. Nerve type is from neural crest?

A

Pseudounipolar nerve

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21
Q

Cartilage features x5

Most common fiber type and others seen?

A
  • semirigid tissue of cells and ECM
  • ECM contains collagen and elastin
  • flexible, yet supportive
  • no Vasculature
  • no nerves

Most commonly type 2 collagen
Some type 1 in fibrocartilage/outer perichondrium

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22
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline- surrounded by perichondrium
-articulate cartilage, ribs, larynx,trachea, embryo development

Elastic- surrounded by perichondrium
-external ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage- No perichondrium, some type 1 collagen

  • fibers oriented in direction of strength
  • intervertebral disc, public symphysis, TMJ
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23
Q

Territorial vs inter-territorial matrix

A

Territorial- some collagen and many proteoglycans
- directly around chondrocytes

Inter territorial- more collagen type 2 and less proteoglycans
- less intense staining further from cells

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24
Q

Perichondrium is…..2 layers……

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Has Vasculature/inner action
Source of the new cartilage cells

Fibrous layer- more vascularized that makes the type 1 collagen
Chondrogenic later- inner layer that turns j to chondrovlasts
Makes type 2 collagen

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25
Q

Appositional vs interstitial growth of cartilage

A

Apositonal- new cartilage on the surface, chondrogenic layer or perichondrium

Interstitial- growth within existing lacunae from existing chondrocytes.

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26
Q

Cartilage repair

A
  • “Repair cartilage”layered down from perichondrium
  • made from hyaline and fibrous cartilage
  • first step in healing bone fractures.
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27
Q

Two Synoviocytes

A

Type A- macrophage like
- clears debris

Type B- fibroblast like
- produce synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish articulate cartilage

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28
Q

Articulate Cartilege Layers (4)

A

Collagen fibers run perpendicular to the tissues forming an “arch”

Superficial/tangential layer
Intermediate/transitional zone
Deep/radial zone
Calcified zone

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29
Q

Cell histology of articulation cartilage superficial zone

A
  • small flattened cells parellel to surface

- very top is devoid of cells and only has collagen fibers (very dark stain)

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30
Q

Intermediate zone histology of articulation cartilege

A

Cells Slightly larger/rounder than superficial

Collagen fibers move obliquely/angled

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31
Q

Deep zone articulate cartilage histology

A

Large chondrocytes stacked in radial columns

Collagen fibers run same direction

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32
Q

Calcified zone of articulation cartilege histology

A
  • Rests on the underlying bone

- Matrix slightly darker stained due to extra elastin and hyaline be fibers

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33
Q

Osteoarthritis -pathogenisis, location,symptoms

A

Degenerative joint disease related to aging/articulate cartilege injury
(Mechanism unknown)
Commonly affects weight bearing joints, or the hand/foot

34
Q

Early vs Late stage osteoarthritis

A

Early-superficial layer of articulation cartilege disrupted

Late- destruction proceeded through all layers to the bone.

35
Q

5 layers of epithelium

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum(only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
36
Q

Stratum Basale histology/function

A

keratinocytes with stem cells mixed in

Simple Cuboidal, mototically active, has melanin

37
Q

Stratum spinosum histology

A

Several cells thick
Polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes
Thickens to make corns/callus

38
Q

Stratum granulosum histology

A

Thickest non-karatinized layer, irregular shape

Contains Keratohyalin granules (precursor to filagrin to keratin)

39
Q

Stratum corneum histology

A

Anuclear cells, no organelles, filled with keratin,coated with lipids

40
Q

Stratum lucidum histology

A

Poorly stained, thick layer of cells under stratum corneum

41
Q

Keratinocyte development

A

1) start in basale layer
2) produce intermediate fibers/keratin grouped into “tonofibrils”
3) start making keratohyaline granules and lamellar/fat bodies in spinosum layer
4) eject lamellar bodies in granulosum layer(water barrier)
5) granules and filaggrin makes more “tonofibrils” of keratin

Associates with a decrease in pH as you move from bottom to top

42
Q

Melanocytes function

A

Produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes
( tyrosine to DOPA via tyrosinase, DOPA polymerizes into melanin)
Transferred via phagocytosis from the spinous processes of the melanocytes

43
Q

Melanoma(danger ….)

A

When mutated will become more like their precursor cell - neural crest cells

NC cells are very migratory therefore the melanosome is highly likely to metastasize.

44
Q

Langerhans histology/location

A
  • pale cytoplasm with long processes

- seen in the stratum spinosum

45
Q

Markell cell (action, location, histology)

A

Acute sensation
Found in stratum basale
Very pale/light staining
Can cause a rapidly mutating carcinoma

46
Q

Dermal-Epidermal junction (appearance, Function)

A

Underneath epithelium

Has both Dermal papillae and Epidermal ridges

Increase surface area to prevent shearing stress

47
Q

Layers of Dermis

A

1) papillary layer-loose connective tissue, fewer collagen
- contains the ridges, lots of Vasculature/nerve endings
2) reticular layer- deeper dermis, thicker and less cellular, more collagen
- has lines of tension(Langer’s lines)

48
Q

Hypodermis(function, histology)

A

Adipose tissue, amount varies by location, used for insulation/shock absorb

Arrector pilli muscles for hair follicles

49
Q

Missner’s corpuscle ( histology, function, location)

A

Touch receptor to light touch/frequency (Braille)

Cylinder/mitochondria shapes pointing to the surface in dermal papillae

50
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle (histology, location, function)

A

Large oval shape( myelin wrapping) in deeper dermis

Detect pressure/vibration

Fingertips/joints

51
Q

Free nerve endings (histology, location, function)

A

Long fibers, ending in the stratum granulosum

Fine touch, heat, cold, pain

52
Q

Sebaceous glands (function, histology, location)

A

Produce sebum(lipid) via holocrine secretion

Waterproofs and softens skin

Found abundant on face and scalp(with follicles)

53
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine/merocrine sweat gland

Apocrine sweat gland

54
Q

Eccrine sweat gland (histology, location, function)

A

Simple, cooked gland all over body minus lip/external genitals

Duct is stratified cuboidal, squeezed by myoepithelial cells to release sweat(water,urea,ammonia,salt)

Used for temperature regulation

55
Q

Apocrine sweat glands( histology, function, location)

A

Large linen/tubular gland

Also uses merocrine secretion, squeezed my myoepithelial cells

Odorless until mixed with bacteria,

Found in sculls and external genitals

56
Q

Hair follicles (name the parts)

A

Infundibulum- surface of skin to sebaceous gland
Follicular bulge-near arrector pilli muscle, has epidermal stem cells
Bulb-bottom branched portion, casculsrized by dermal papillae
Hair matrix- collection of hair sells that differentiate into hair shaft

57
Q

Hair Shaft (nameparts)

A

Medulla- central column of loosely connected keratinized cells

Cortex-largest layer outside medulla, hard and keratinized

Cuticle- outermost layer of keratinized squamous cells

58
Q

Vellus vs terminal hair

A

Vellus= soft, short, thin computed. All over body not connected to sebaceous glands.

Terminal hair= longer, darker, replaces he vellus hair in puberty. Seen more in men due to testosterone

59
Q

Nails (Histology,

A

Highly keratinized cells on top of epidermis(nail bed). Stays attached all the time.

Root- proximal region covering the matrix

Matrix- stem cells that form keratinocytes

Lanula- crescent shaped white area near matrix

Cuticle- skin/epidermis covering the root

60
Q

Lanula is…..

A

White area/crescent on the nail bed

61
Q

Woven vs lamellar bone

A

Woven bone- immature, more cellular, loose fibers, quick to form

Lamellar- nature, stinger, denser organized fibers, very strong

62
Q

Choline transporters

A

Membrane channel to bring choline into the neuron

63
Q

Choline acetyltransferase

A

Combine acetyl CoA with choline for ACh

64
Q

VAMP and SNAP

A

Activated by Calcium will cause vesicles fusion and exocytosis of ACh

65
Q

Nicotine receptor vs muscarinic

A

Bind ACh at NMJ and other neurons
Ligand gated ion channels

Bind ACH not at NMJ(parasympathetic,cardiac)
G protein coupled receptors

66
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Puffer fish poison
Inhibit voltage gated calcium channels
Flaccid paralysis- weakness, dizzy,hypotension,paresthesia, loss reflex

67
Q

Local anesthetic

A

lidocaine, procaine, bupivacaine

Inhibit voltage gated sodium channels

68
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum, soil/marine bacteria

Cleaves SNARE proteins, flavor paralysis

Muscle and vision deficits
Lots of GI symptoms(vomiting, abdominal lain, diarrhea, dry mouth)

69
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Clostridium tetani, soil bacteria

Stop vesicle fusion by synaptobrevin

Will travel back to spinal cord and affect inhibitory interneurons(spastic paralysis)

Lockjaw, sweating, salivate, stiff body

70
Q

Curare alkaloids

A

D-tubocurarine

Compete with ACh for receptors
Flaccid paralysis
Reversed by adding AChE inhibitor

71
Q

Succinylcholine CoA

A

Depolarizing ACh receptor agonist

Causes initial twitches before consistent paralysis.

72
Q

Examples of cholinesterase inhibitors/uses

A

Treat Alzheimer’s, myasthenia gravis

In nerve gas, insecticides, reverse anesthesia

73
Q

Dantrolene

A

Inhibit ryanodine(calcium release)

Treat malignant hypothermia and spasticity of nerves

74
Q

ABC of Xrays

A

A-alignment
A-adequacy
B- bone Cortex
C- cartilege

75
Q

T2 vs T1

A

T1 - dark fluid/CSF
- bright fat, fibrous tissue

T2- bright fluid
- dark bone/fibrous tissue

76
Q

SLAP tear

A

Torn labrum at the superior-anterior-lateral borders

77
Q

Hillsachs deformity

A

Dent in the humeral head from multiple dislocations

78
Q

Sail Sign

A

Fat pad dislocation around joint
(Slightly darker region around bones in X-ray)

Adult= radial fracture
Child= supracondylar fracture
79
Q

Colles fracture vs Smith fracture

A

Colles-FOOSH injury= anterior radial/ulna (dinnerfork)

Smith - posterior radial and lunar displacement

80
Q

Legg-Calve Perthes

A

Insufficient blood supply to femoral head.

Idiopathic disease of younger males

MSK Exam 2 Corey (2 decks)

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