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MSK Exam 2 Corey > Histology And Physioligy > Flashcards

Histology And Physioligy Flashcards

1
Q

Scurvy is caused by what connective tissue disfunction

A

Vitamin C deficiency- cross linking deficiency

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2
Q

Ehlers Danlos connective tissue deficiency…..

A

Abnormal collagen synthesis

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3
Q

Collagen triple helix is made with …..

A

2 alpha 1 fibers

1 alpha 2 fiber

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4
Q

Marfan’s syndrome caused by what connective tissue deficiency….

A

Mutation in fibrillin causing weak elastin.

Stretchy skin, weak valves/blood vessels, long limbs.

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5
Q

Embryonic connective tissue is…..more ECM than Cell or more cell than ECM

A

More ECM than cell

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6
Q

Adult mesenchynal cells can form 5 different cell types

A 
Fibroblast
Muscle cells
Osteoblast
Chondroblast
Adipocyte
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7
Q

3 loose connective tissues

3 dense connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Dense irregular
Dense regular
Elastic

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8
Q

Loose connective tissue function/location

A

Hold body fluid, defend infection

Beneath membranous epithelial, around BV, muscle, nerves

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9
Q

Function location of adipose tissue

A

Energy source, insulation, cushion of body/organs

Under skin, around organs.

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10
Q

Reticular tissue function and location

A

Open framework to hold/slow cells

In liver, bone marrow, spleen

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11
Q

Dense regular tissue function and location

A

Provided tense strength in the direction of the fibers.

Tendon, ligament, aponeurosis, joint capsule

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12
Q

Elastic tissue function and location

A

Provided recoil strength back to normal

Elastic blood vessel(aorta, pulmonary artery), bronchioles

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13
Q

Dense irregular tissue function and location

A

Give overall general support and strength in multiple directions. Prevent shearing.

Dermis of skin, capsules around organs, fascia, perichondrium and periosteum

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14
Q

2 organization patterns of actin and function/location

A

Actin bundles- long parrellel chains
-make villi, contractile fibers(muscle cells)

Actin networks- loosely cross linked arrays of 3D mesh

  • form general shape of cells(blood cells)
  • Allow phagocytosis/protrusions of cell shape
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15
Q

Fimbrin vs alpha actinin vs filamin

A

Fimbrin- very tight parellel segments(micro villa)

Actinin- hold filaments farther apart to make room for motor proteins(myosin)/ contractile bundles

Filamin- binds actin as a crosslinked/perpendicular diner for networks/sheets

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16
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis cause/symptoms

A

Mutation of spectrum/ankyrin

No binding of actin network to the cell membrane

RBC cell shape ruined and cells die premature
Jaundice,anemia,spenomegaly

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle uses which myosin?
Vesicle Myosin?

Head vs neck vs tail

A

Myosin 2
Myosin 5

Head= bind actin and ATP

Neck- produce force/length determines speed of contraction
- contains light chain region for REGULATION

Tail- binds materials as needed (vesicles transport)

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18
Q

Duchene muscular dystrophy

Cause, mechanism, symptoms

A

Mutations in gene(in frame =less sever Becker’s, out frame = worse duchene)

Force of myosin can not be transfered to cell membrane and basal lamina= no movement

Muscular wasting= respiratory failure about 22 years old

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19
Q

Intrafusal vs extrafusal fibers

1 sensory fiber? 2 motor fibers?

A

Intrafusal fiber- deep in muscle to sense stretch.

  • send signal via Type 1a nerve fiber
  • contract via type G nerve fiber

Extrafusal fiber- regular muscle fiber
- contract via type A nerve fiber

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20
Q

Which. Nerve type is from neural crest?

A

Pseudounipolar nerve

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21
Q

Cartilage features x5

Most common fiber type and others seen?

A
  • semirigid tissue of cells and ECM
  • ECM contains collagen and elastin
  • flexible, yet supportive
  • no Vasculature
  • no nerves

Most commonly type 2 collagen
Some type 1 in fibrocartilage/outer perichondrium

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22
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline- surrounded by perichondrium
-articulate cartilage, ribs, larynx,trachea, embryo development

Elastic- surrounded by perichondrium
-external ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage- No perichondrium, some type 1 collagen

  • fibers oriented in direction of strength
  • intervertebral disc, public symphysis, TMJ
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23
Q

Territorial vs inter-territorial matrix

A

Territorial- some collagen and many proteoglycans
- directly around chondrocytes

Inter territorial- more collagen type 2 and less proteoglycans
- less intense staining further from cells

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24
Q

Perichondrium is…..2 layers……

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Has Vasculature/inner action
Source of the new cartilage cells

Fibrous layer- more vascularized that makes the type 1 collagen
Chondrogenic later- inner layer that turns j to chondrovlasts
Makes type 2 collagen

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25
Appositional vs interstitial growth of cartilage
Apositonal- new cartilage on the surface, chondrogenic layer or perichondrium Interstitial- growth within existing lacunae from existing chondrocytes.
26
Cartilage repair
- “Repair cartilage”layered down from perichondrium - made from hyaline and fibrous cartilage - first step in healing bone fractures.
27
Two Synoviocytes
Type A- macrophage like - clears debris Type B- fibroblast like - produce synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish articulate cartilage
28
Articulate Cartilege Layers (4)
Collagen fibers run perpendicular to the tissues forming an “arch” Superficial/tangential layer Intermediate/transitional zone Deep/radial zone Calcified zone
29
Cell histology of articulation cartilage superficial zone
- small flattened cells parellel to surface | - very top is devoid of cells and only has collagen fibers (very dark stain)
30
Intermediate zone histology of articulation cartilege
Cells Slightly larger/rounder than superficial | Collagen fibers move obliquely/angled
31
Deep zone articulate cartilage histology
Large chondrocytes stacked in radial columns | Collagen fibers run same direction
32
Calcified zone of articulation cartilege histology
- Rests on the underlying bone | - Matrix slightly darker stained due to extra elastin and hyaline be fibers
33
Osteoarthritis -pathogenisis, location,symptoms
Degenerative joint disease related to aging/articulate cartilege injury (Mechanism unknown) Commonly affects weight bearing joints, or the hand/foot
34
Early vs Late stage osteoarthritis
Early-superficial layer of articulation cartilege disrupted Late- destruction proceeded through all layers to the bone.
35
5 layers of epithelium
``` Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum(only in thick skin) Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale ```
36
Stratum Basale histology/function
keratinocytes with stem cells mixed in Simple Cuboidal, mototically active, has melanin
37
Stratum spinosum histology
Several cells thick Polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes Thickens to make corns/callus
38
Stratum granulosum histology
Thickest non-karatinized layer, irregular shape | Contains Keratohyalin granules (precursor to filagrin to keratin)
39
Stratum corneum histology
Anuclear cells, no organelles, filled with keratin,coated with lipids
40
Stratum lucidum histology
Poorly stained, thick layer of cells under stratum corneum
41
Keratinocyte development
1) start in basale layer 2) produce intermediate fibers/keratin grouped into “tonofibrils” 3) start making keratohyaline granules and lamellar/fat bodies in spinosum layer 4) eject lamellar bodies in granulosum layer(water barrier) 5) granules and filaggrin makes more “tonofibrils” of keratin Associates with a decrease in pH as you move from bottom to top
42
Melanocytes function
Produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes ( tyrosine to DOPA via tyrosinase, DOPA polymerizes into melanin) Transferred via phagocytosis from the spinous processes of the melanocytes
43
Melanoma(danger ....)
When mutated will become more like their precursor cell - neural crest cells NC cells are very migratory therefore the melanosome is highly likely to metastasize.
44
Langerhans histology/location
- pale cytoplasm with long processes | - seen in the stratum spinosum
45
Markell cell (action, location, histology)
Acute sensation Found in stratum basale Very pale/light staining Can cause a rapidly mutating carcinoma
46
Dermal-Epidermal junction (appearance, Function)
Underneath epithelium Has both Dermal papillae and Epidermal ridges Increase surface area to prevent shearing stress
47
Layers of Dermis
1) papillary layer-loose connective tissue, fewer collagen - contains the ridges, lots of Vasculature/nerve endings 2) reticular layer- deeper dermis, thicker and less cellular, more collagen - has lines of tension(Langer’s lines)
48
Hypodermis(function, histology)
Adipose tissue, amount varies by location, used for insulation/shock absorb Arrector pilli muscles for hair follicles
49
Missner’s corpuscle ( histology, function, location)
Touch receptor to light touch/frequency (Braille) Cylinder/mitochondria shapes pointing to the surface in dermal papillae
50
Pacinian Corpuscle (histology, location, function)
Large oval shape( myelin wrapping) in deeper dermis Detect pressure/vibration Fingertips/joints
51
Free nerve endings (histology, location, function)
Long fibers, ending in the stratum granulosum Fine touch, heat, cold, pain
52
Sebaceous glands (function, histology, location)
Produce sebum(lipid) via holocrine secretion Waterproofs and softens skin Found abundant on face and scalp(with follicles)
53
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine/merocrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland
54
Eccrine sweat gland (histology, location, function)
Simple, cooked gland all over body minus lip/external genitals Duct is stratified cuboidal, squeezed by myoepithelial cells to release sweat(water,urea,ammonia,salt) Used for temperature regulation
55
Apocrine sweat glands( histology, function, location)
Large linen/tubular gland Also uses merocrine secretion, squeezed my myoepithelial cells Odorless until mixed with bacteria, Found in sculls and external genitals
56
Hair follicles (name the parts)
Infundibulum- surface of skin to sebaceous gland Follicular bulge-near arrector pilli muscle, has epidermal stem cells Bulb-bottom branched portion, casculsrized by dermal papillae Hair matrix- collection of hair sells that differentiate into hair shaft
57
Hair Shaft (nameparts)
Medulla- central column of loosely connected keratinized cells Cortex-largest layer outside medulla, hard and keratinized Cuticle- outermost layer of keratinized squamous cells
58
Vellus vs terminal hair
Vellus= soft, short, thin computed. All over body not connected to sebaceous glands. Terminal hair= longer, darker, replaces he vellus hair in puberty. Seen more in men due to testosterone
59
Nails (Histology,
Highly keratinized cells on top of epidermis(nail bed). Stays attached all the time. Root- proximal region covering the matrix Matrix- stem cells that form keratinocytes Lanula- crescent shaped white area near matrix Cuticle- skin/epidermis covering the root
60
Lanula is.....
White area/crescent on the nail bed
61
Woven vs lamellar bone
Woven bone- immature, more cellular, loose fibers, quick to form Lamellar- nature, stinger, denser organized fibers, very strong
62
Choline transporters
Membrane channel to bring choline into the neuron
63
Choline acetyltransferase
Combine acetyl CoA with choline for ACh
64
VAMP and SNAP
Activated by Calcium will cause vesicles fusion and exocytosis of ACh
65
Nicotine receptor vs muscarinic
Bind ACh at NMJ and other neurons Ligand gated ion channels Bind ACH not at NMJ(parasympathetic,cardiac) G protein coupled receptors
66
Tetrodotoxin
Puffer fish poison Inhibit voltage gated calcium channels Flaccid paralysis- weakness, dizzy,hypotension,paresthesia, loss reflex
67
Local anesthetic
lidocaine, procaine, bupivacaine | Inhibit voltage gated sodium channels
68
Botulinum toxin
Clostridium botulinum, soil/marine bacteria Cleaves SNARE proteins, flavor paralysis Muscle and vision deficits Lots of GI symptoms(vomiting, abdominal lain, diarrhea, dry mouth)
69
Tetanus toxin
Clostridium tetani, soil bacteria Stop vesicle fusion by synaptobrevin Will travel back to spinal cord and affect inhibitory interneurons(spastic paralysis) Lockjaw, sweating, salivate, stiff body
70
Curare alkaloids
D-tubocurarine Compete with ACh for receptors Flaccid paralysis Reversed by adding AChE inhibitor
71
Succinylcholine CoA
Depolarizing ACh receptor agonist | Causes initial twitches before consistent paralysis.
72
Examples of cholinesterase inhibitors/uses
Treat Alzheimer’s, myasthenia gravis In nerve gas, insecticides, reverse anesthesia
73
Dantrolene
Inhibit ryanodine(calcium release) Treat malignant hypothermia and spasticity of nerves
74
ABC of Xrays
A-alignment A-adequacy B- bone Cortex C- cartilege
75
T2 vs T1
T1 - dark fluid/CSF - bright fat, fibrous tissue T2- bright fluid - dark bone/fibrous tissue
76
SLAP tear
Torn labrum at the superior-anterior-lateral borders
77
Hillsachs deformity
Dent in the humeral head from multiple dislocations
78
Sail Sign
Fat pad dislocation around joint (Slightly darker region around bones in X-ray) ``` Adult= radial fracture Child= supracondylar fracture ```
79
Colles fracture vs Smith fracture
Colles-FOOSH injury= anterior radial/ulna (dinnerfork) Smith - posterior radial and lunar displacement
80
Legg-Calve Perthes
Insufficient blood supply to femoral head. Idiopathic disease of younger males

MSK Exam 2 Corey (2 decks)

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