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Z MD1 Respiratory block > Histology and Pathology > Flashcards

Histology and Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes are what

A

type 1 - simple squamous epithelium (form majority of the area, but are in lesser amount) type 2 - cuboidal cells, often in the ange between alveoli with short microvilli and lamellar bodies which secrete surfactant to reduce ST and act as stem cells

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2
Q

protective mechanisms of the lungs

A
  • mucus - traps dust and other particles in it - cilia - move the mucus and trapped particles up to the nasopharynx to be swallowed
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2
Q

why is pulmonary infarction relatively rare

A

collateral blood supply of the lungs

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2
Q

long term outcomes of DVT

A
  • Fibrinolysis - organization - complete or partial recanalisation of thrombus - incompetent valves - varicose veins and chronic venous insuffiency
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3
Q

fate of pulmonary emboli

A
  • dissolution spontaneously - organisation
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4
Q

structure of terminal bronchioles

A
  • cuboidal epithelium with some cilia - clara cells - one or two layers of SM - no goblet cells
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4
Q

what are the effects of chronic venous insufficiency

A

venous stasis chronic oedema pigmentation chronic ulceration

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5
Q

blood-gas barrier consists of

A
  • surfactant - type 1 pneumocyte epithelia - basal lamina of type 1 pneumocyte - CT - basal lamina of endothelium - endothelial cell - plasma
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5
Q

effects of embolus depends on…

A
  • size of embolus - presence or absence of underlying lung and cardiovascular disease
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5
Q

effects of large or numerous pulmonary emboli

A
  • sudden collapse and death - acute cor pulmonale with dyspnoea, hypothension, cyanosis
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6
Q

structure of clara cells

A

columnar to cuboidal cells with short microvilli containing granules

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8
Q

percentages of cells composing the respiratory epithelium

A
  • 30% goblet cells - 30% basal stem cells - 3% brush cells with microvilli - 3% serous cells -1% small granule cells
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8
Q

What is the Leiden mutation

A

point mutation in Factor 5 (natural coagulant) –> mutation means that APC cannot inactivate it

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9
Q

two fates for intra-alveolar macrophages

A

1) head up towards the bronchioles and carried off by cilia 2) cross the walls of the alveolus and take up permanent residence in ateralveolar setpum

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10
Q

when is a bronchi a bronchiole

A
  • when the cartilage is gone - 1-2 mm diameter
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11
Q

if there is an infarct in the lungs, what does it look like

A

wedge shaped, haemorrhagic, in the periphery

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11
Q

Methods for DVT prevention

A
  • pharmacological prophylaxis - mobilzation - exercises - compression stockings - lifestyle
12
Q

what composes the mucosa of the trachea

A

respiratory epithelium + lamina propria

14
Q

function of clara cells

A

secretes surfactant

15
Q

symptoms (if any) of DVT

A
  • variable swelling (due to increased capillary pressure) - redness (increased blood flow to superficial veins) - discomfort/pain (increased capillary pressure pressing on sensory fibres) - tenderness (increased capillary pressure pressing on sensory fibres)
16
Q

what are some procoagulant genetic causes

A
  • Leiden mutation - prothrombin mutation - deficiencies of anti-thrombin, protein C, protein S - higher factor 8
17
Q

what composes the submucosa of the trachea

A

glands and conttective tissue

19
Q

how many C shaped rings in the trachea

A

10-12

21
Q

what is in the interalveolar septum

A

reticular fibres and elastin fibres - keeps alveoli from collapsing

23
Q

layers of the wall of the trachea

A

mucosa submucosa adventitia

23
Q

what are the mainr reasons for slowing of blood flow in the veins

A
  • impaired mobility - hyperviscosity of blood (eg polycythaemia) - cardiac failure - dehydration
24
Q

what is thrombophilia

A

a group of inherited or acquired disorders that increase a person’s risk of developing arterial or venous thromboses (venous predominates)

26
Q

most of the respiratory system is lined by

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

27
Q

epithelium of respiratory broncioles

A

cuboidal to squamous

28
Q

where does the respiratory part of the lungs start

A

respiratory bronchioles

30
Q

structure of a bronchus

A
  • initially like trachea, but thinner walls - cartilage rings become cartilage plates - smooth muscle at the boundary between lamina propria and submucosa - glands still present - lymphoid nodules present
32
Q

what factors are associated with early mortality after VTE

A

PE advanced age cancer underlying CVD

33
Q

how many branches of the respiratory tract

A

23

34
Q

what composes the adventitia of the trachea

A

cartilage and outer layer of CT

35
Q

major site of thrombi that embolise to the lungs

A

systemic veins - particularly the pelvic and deep femoral veins

36
Q

effects of medium sized pulmonary emboli

A
  • dyspnoea, cough, acute cor pulmonale - pulmonary infarction
37
Q

what can happen as a result of PE

A
  • hypoxaemia - local pulmonary artery obstruction –> reflex vasoconstriction - constriction of airways distal to the bronchi - decreased pulmonary compliance due to haemorrhage and loss of surfactant
38
Q

symptoms of PE

A

-variable dyspnoea - haemoptysis - cough - syncope - pleuritic pain

39
Q

over the length of the bronchioles what happens to the cells

A
  • loses goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells - gains Clara cells
40
Q

what is the non-respiratory function of the lungs

A

pushes air over the vocal cords leading to vibrations –> sound production

41
Q

reasons for venous thrombosis

A

endothelial dysfunction or injury - exposure of collage or TF - disruption of balance between pro and anticoagulants hypercoagulability of the blood changes in blood flow due to slowing or turbulence

Z MD1 Respiratory block (11 decks)

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