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My Reproduction > Histology and Embryology > Flashcards

Histology and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A
  • make gametes

- make steroid hormones eg oestrogen and progestogens

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2
Q

What is in the medulla of the ovary?

A
  • connective tissue
  • arteries
  • veins
  • lymphatics
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3
Q

What is in the cortex of the ovary?

A

ovarian follicles covered in cuboidal epithelium

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4
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

development of oocytes from oogonia (from germ cells from the yolk sac invading the ovaries)

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5
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

growth of the follicle which is the oocyte and any associated support cells

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6
Q

What is atresia?

A

loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

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7
Q

What is the development cycle of a follicle?

A

primordial follicle –> primary follicle –> late primary follicle –> secondary follicle –> mature graafian follicle

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8
Q

What are the features of primary follicles?

A

taller cells than the primordial

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9
Q

What are the features of a late primary follicle?

A

obvious zona pellucida, stromal cells associated with follicle form layers called theca interna and theca externa

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10
Q

What are the features of a secondary follicle?

A

fluid filled antrum

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11
Q

What are the features of a mature Graafian follicle?

A

surrounded by granulosa cells

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12
Q

What happens to the oocyte between before ovulation and until fertilisation?

A
  • oocyte (which has been paused at prophase 1 until now) will complete meiosis 1
  • create a secondary oocyte (the other tiny polar body with second nucleus is destroyed)
  • stop at metaphase 2 until fertilisation
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13
Q

What surrounds the oocytes in the ovary?

A

stromal cells

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14
Q

What happens to the oocyte after ovulation?

A
  • becomes corpus luteum
  • if no implantation, becomes corpus albicans
  • if implantation, hCG secreted by placenta so progesterone levels are maintained
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15
Q

What is the uterine tube lined with?

A

simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle

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16
Q

What is the uterine wall made up of?

A
  • endometrium with secretory glands
  • myometrium which is thick smooth muscle
  • perimetrium is a connective tissue covering
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17
Q

What are the parts of the endometrium?

A
  • stratum functionalis: breaks down and regenerates monthly

- stratum basalis: maintains the former

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18
Q

What happens in the secretary phase of the cycle?

A

glands become prolific

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19
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase of the cycle?

A

arterioles are constricted so the tissue is deprived of blood and there is necrosis

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20
Q

What is the lining of the cervix?

A

stratified squamous epithelium as it joins the vagina but at the squamocolumnar junction it switches superiorly to columnar epithelium (important area for cervical cancer)

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21
Q

What is under the columnar tissue in the cervix?

A

cervical glands that secrete mucus

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the vagina?

A
  • non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium with cells containing lots of glycogen
  • lamina propria
  • fibromuscular layer
  • adventitia
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23
Q

What is the vagina lubricated by?

A

cervical glands and thin walled blood vessels leaking fluid in the lamina propria

24
Q

What is a major component of the labia minora?

A

lots of vasculature and sebaceous glands

25
What happens in the beginning stages of embryological development?
- Day 7: bilateral embryo including epiblast and hypoblast - epiblast forms most of the embryo - mesoderm cells invaginate through the primitive streak - lateral and cranial-caudal folding
26
What part of the embryo does the urogenital system arise from?
intermediate mesoderm
27
What happens in the second stages of embryological development?
- primordial germ cells in the yolk sac migrate via dorsal mesentery to intermediate mesoderm (W4-6) - coelomic epithelium proliferates and thickens to form genital ridges - somatic support cells are formed by proliferating epithelium and these envelop the PGCs and from the primitive sex cords
28
When does the embryo develop genitals differently based on sex?
week 7
29
What occurs in development just before week 7?
development of genital ducts called the mesonephric duct and the paramesonephric duct
30
What is the process of male urogenital development?
- development occurs from the mesonephric ducts - somatic support cells --> Sertoli cells - primary sex cords --> testis/medulary cords which engulf the PGCs - rete testes are formed attached to the mesonephric tubules to the testis cords - between the coelomic epithelium and the testis cords is the tunica albuginea
31
What does the mesonephric duct in the males become?
vas deferens
32
What does the SRY protein stimulate in the male development?
- stimulates sertoli cells to form and secrete AMH which then degenerates paramesonephric duct - sertoli cells also cause formation of Leydig cells and then testosterone
33
What is the formation of the three accessory glands in the male system?
prostate, bulbourethral glands and seminal vesicle develop at the junction of the mesoporphyrin ducts and the urethra during W10
34
What is the process of female urogenital development?
- development occurs from the paramesonephric ducts - germ cells differentiate into oogonia and then into primary oocytes stopping in prophase 1 - somatic support cells differentiate into granulosa cells and surround primary oocytes forming primordial follicles in the ovary - thecal cells make androgens which then make ovarian oestrogens to stimulate the formation of female external genitalia and development of paramesonephric ducts
35
Under what conditions does female develop occur?
when there is no SRY transcription factor
36
What do the paramesonephric ducts give rise to?
uterine tubes, uterus and superior vagina
37
What are the parts of the paramesonephric ducts?
- cranial (coelomic cavity) - horizontal (crosses the mesonephric duct) - caudal (fuses with paramesonephric duct on opposite side)
38
How is the uterus, superior vagina and vaginal lumen created?
- Uterovaginal canal gives rise to uterus and superior vagina - Vaginal lumen: vacuolisation of the paramesonephric portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs
39
What is the hormonal difference in development of a girl or boy baby?
no secretion of AMH in females
40
What are some uterine abnormalities?
- double uterus double vagina - double uterus - bicornate uterus - septated uterus - unicornate uterus - cervical atresia
41
How do the testes descend?
testes are pulled down by the gubernaculum from T10
42
What is the name for failure of descent of the testes?
cryptorchidism
43
When does the female external genitalia develop?
5m to birth
44
How does the male external genitalia develop?
- spongy urethra forms by proximal to distal zipping of urethral groove - foreskin is formed by circular ingrowth of ectoderm around glans periphery
45
What is hypospadias?
external urethral opening is along the ventral penis
46
What is the breast histologically?
a subcutaneous gland
47
What is the structure of the breast?
- compound tubule-acinar glands in each lobe which drains via ducts to nipple - dense fibrous tissue around secretary lobules and adipose tissue around this - lactiferous ducts go into lactiferous sinus
48
What is each lobule in the breast called?
terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)
49
What cells are in the lobules of the breast?
secretory cuboidal epithelial cells which are surrounded by myoepithelial cells which are contractile
50
What is the nipple surface made of?
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium with dense irregular connective tissue with smooth muscle bundles and sebaceous gland that open joint surface of nipple
51
What are the changes to the breasts in pregnancy?
- elongation of ducts - proliferation of cells - secretory alveoli development - immune cells in connective tissues - development of RER to become functional secretory cells
52
What does breast milk contain?
water, protein, carbohydrate and lipid with ions, vitamins and IgA
53
How does breast milk secretion occur?
- apocrine secretion (lipids which come away membrane bound) | - merocrine secretion (ie exocytosis, proteins leave with no membrane)
54
What is the blood supply and drainage from breasts?
- arterial: lateral (from lateral thoracic) and medial mammary branches (from internal thoracic) - venous: by medial and lateral mammary veins
55
What is the lymph drainage of the breast?
subareolar lymphatic plexus moves lymph to axillary nodes mostly with some to parasternal nodes

My Reproduction (8 decks)

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