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My Reproduction > Histology and Embryology > Flashcards

Histology and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A
  • make gametes

- make steroid hormones eg oestrogen and progestogens

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2
Q

What is in the medulla of the ovary?

A
  • connective tissue
  • arteries
  • veins
  • lymphatics
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3
Q

What is in the cortex of the ovary?

A

ovarian follicles covered in cuboidal epithelium

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4
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

development of oocytes from oogonia (from germ cells from the yolk sac invading the ovaries)

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5
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

growth of the follicle which is the oocyte and any associated support cells

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6
Q

What is atresia?

A

loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

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7
Q

What is the development cycle of a follicle?

A

primordial follicle –> primary follicle –> late primary follicle –> secondary follicle –> mature graafian follicle

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8
Q

What are the features of primary follicles?

A

taller cells than the primordial

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9
Q

What are the features of a late primary follicle?

A

obvious zona pellucida, stromal cells associated with follicle form layers called theca interna and theca externa

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10
Q

What are the features of a secondary follicle?

A

fluid filled antrum

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11
Q

What are the features of a mature Graafian follicle?

A

surrounded by granulosa cells

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12
Q

What happens to the oocyte between before ovulation and until fertilisation?

A
  • oocyte (which has been paused at prophase 1 until now) will complete meiosis 1
  • create a secondary oocyte (the other tiny polar body with second nucleus is destroyed)
  • stop at metaphase 2 until fertilisation
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13
Q

What surrounds the oocytes in the ovary?

A

stromal cells

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14
Q

What happens to the oocyte after ovulation?

A
  • becomes corpus luteum
  • if no implantation, becomes corpus albicans
  • if implantation, hCG secreted by placenta so progesterone levels are maintained
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15
Q

What is the uterine tube lined with?

A

simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle

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16
Q

What is the uterine wall made up of?

A
  • endometrium with secretory glands
  • myometrium which is thick smooth muscle
  • perimetrium is a connective tissue covering
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17
Q

What are the parts of the endometrium?

A
  • stratum functionalis: breaks down and regenerates monthly

- stratum basalis: maintains the former

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18
Q

What happens in the secretary phase of the cycle?

A

glands become prolific

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19
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase of the cycle?

A

arterioles are constricted so the tissue is deprived of blood and there is necrosis

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20
Q

What is the lining of the cervix?

A

stratified squamous epithelium as it joins the vagina but at the squamocolumnar junction it switches superiorly to columnar epithelium (important area for cervical cancer)

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21
Q

What is under the columnar tissue in the cervix?

A

cervical glands that secrete mucus

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the vagina?

A
  • non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium with cells containing lots of glycogen
  • lamina propria
  • fibromuscular layer
  • adventitia
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23
Q

What is the vagina lubricated by?

A

cervical glands and thin walled blood vessels leaking fluid in the lamina propria

24
Q

What is a major component of the labia minora?

A

lots of vasculature and sebaceous glands

25
Q

What happens in the beginning stages of embryological development?

A
  • Day 7: bilateral embryo including epiblast and hypoblast
  • epiblast forms most of the embryo
  • mesoderm cells invaginate through the primitive streak
  • lateral and cranial-caudal folding
26
Q

What part of the embryo does the urogenital system arise from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

27
Q

What happens in the second stages of embryological development?

A
  • primordial germ cells in the yolk sac migrate via dorsal mesentery to intermediate mesoderm (W4-6)
  • coelomic epithelium proliferates and thickens to form genital ridges
  • somatic support cells are formed by proliferating epithelium and these envelop the PGCs and from the primitive sex cords
28
Q

When does the embryo develop genitals differently based on sex?

A

week 7

29
Q

What occurs in development just before week 7?

A

development of genital ducts called the mesonephric duct and the paramesonephric duct

30
Q

What is the process of male urogenital development?

A
  • development occurs from the mesonephric ducts
  • somatic support cells –> Sertoli cells
  • primary sex cords –> testis/medulary cords which engulf the PGCs
  • rete testes are formed attached to the mesonephric tubules to the testis cords
  • between the coelomic epithelium and the testis cords is the tunica albuginea
31
Q

What does the mesonephric duct in the males become?

A

vas deferens

32
Q

What does the SRY protein stimulate in the male development?

A
  • stimulates sertoli cells to form and secrete AMH which then degenerates paramesonephric duct
  • sertoli cells also cause formation of Leydig cells and then testosterone
33
Q

What is the formation of the three accessory glands in the male system?

A

prostate, bulbourethral glands and seminal vesicle develop at the junction of the mesoporphyrin ducts and the urethra during W10

34
Q

What is the process of female urogenital development?

A
  • development occurs from the paramesonephric ducts
  • germ cells differentiate into oogonia and then into primary oocytes stopping in prophase 1
  • somatic support cells differentiate into granulosa cells and surround primary oocytes forming primordial follicles in the ovary
  • thecal cells make androgens which then make ovarian oestrogens to stimulate the formation of female external genitalia and development of paramesonephric ducts
35
Q

Under what conditions does female develop occur?

A

when there is no SRY transcription factor

36
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts give rise to?

A

uterine tubes, uterus and superior vagina

37
Q

What are the parts of the paramesonephric ducts?

A
  • cranial (coelomic cavity)
  • horizontal (crosses the mesonephric duct)
  • caudal (fuses with paramesonephric duct on opposite side)
38
Q

How is the uterus, superior vagina and vaginal lumen created?

A
  • Uterovaginal canal gives rise to uterus and superior vagina
  • Vaginal lumen: vacuolisation of the paramesonephric portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs
39
Q

What is the hormonal difference in development of a girl or boy baby?

A

no secretion of AMH in females

40
Q

What are some uterine abnormalities?

A
  • double uterus double vagina
  • double uterus
  • bicornate uterus
  • septated uterus
  • unicornate uterus
  • cervical atresia
41
Q

How do the testes descend?

A

testes are pulled down by the gubernaculum from T10

42
Q

What is the name for failure of descent of the testes?

A

cryptorchidism

43
Q

When does the female external genitalia develop?

A

5m to birth

44
Q

How does the male external genitalia develop?

A
  • spongy urethra forms by proximal to distal zipping of urethral groove
  • foreskin is formed by circular ingrowth of ectoderm around glans periphery
45
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

external urethral opening is along the ventral penis

46
Q

What is the breast histologically?

A

a subcutaneous gland

47
Q

What is the structure of the breast?

A
  • compound tubule-acinar glands in each lobe which drains via ducts to nipple
  • dense fibrous tissue around secretary lobules and adipose tissue around this
  • lactiferous ducts go into lactiferous sinus
48
Q

What is each lobule in the breast called?

A

terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

49
Q

What cells are in the lobules of the breast?

A

secretory cuboidal epithelial cells which are surrounded by myoepithelial cells which are contractile

50
Q

What is the nipple surface made of?

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium with dense irregular connective tissue with smooth muscle bundles and sebaceous gland that open joint surface of nipple

51
Q

What are the changes to the breasts in pregnancy?

A
  • elongation of ducts
  • proliferation of cells
  • secretory alveoli development
  • immune cells in connective tissues
  • development of RER to become functional secretory cells
52
Q

What does breast milk contain?

A

water, protein, carbohydrate and lipid with ions, vitamins and IgA

53
Q

How does breast milk secretion occur?

A
  • apocrine secretion (lipids which come away membrane bound)

- merocrine secretion (ie exocytosis, proteins leave with no membrane)

54
Q

What is the blood supply and drainage from breasts?

A
  • arterial: lateral (from lateral thoracic) and medial mammary branches (from internal thoracic)
  • venous: by medial and lateral mammary veins
55
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the breast?

A

subareolar lymphatic plexus moves lymph to axillary nodes mostly with some to parasternal nodes

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