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GI > Histology and Embryology > Flashcards

Histology and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx and buccal surfaces?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What are the only parts of the mouth to be keratinised?

A

Gingivae (gums) and hard palate

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3
Q

What is the epithelium of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

Describe the epithelium of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium- thin on ventral surface and thick with papillae on dorsal surface

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5
Q

Describe the epithelium of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

Smooth stratified epithelium

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6
Q

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

A

If the tissue is embedded in another tissue or pegged down to something else, it is adventitia

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7
Q

What is the epithelium in the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What different types of muscle are found and where in the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3rd- skeletal
Middle 1/3rd- transition
Lower 1/3rd- smooth

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9
Q

What is all the muscle of the oesophagus innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

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10
Q

Where are the only places in the GI tract that submucosal glands can be found?

A

Oesophagus and duodenum

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11
Q

Where is the first sudden change of GI epithelium, what is this change?

A

At the gastro-oesophageal junction: stratified squamous epithelium to columnar epithelia

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12
Q

What epithelial layer are the gastric pits which make gastric glands in the stomach found?

A

Muscularis mucosa

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13
Q

What type of cells line the gastric pits and can also be found on the surface?

A

Surface mucous cells

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14
Q

What does the isthmus of the gastric pits contain?

A

Stem cells, parietal/oxyntic cells

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15
Q

What does the neck of the gastric pit contain?

A

Mucous and stem cells

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16
Q

What do chief cells give rise to?

A

Pepsin

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17
Q

What does the muscularis externa contain only in the stomach?

A

An extra layer of oblique smooth muscle

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18
Q

What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Villi with pits drilling downwards found in the small intestine

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19
Q

Where are the villi on the small intestine found?

A

On the plicae circularis

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20
Q

What part of the small intestine has the largest villi?

A

Jejunum

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21
Q

Where are the Peyer’s patches found in the ileum?

A

Submucosa and sometimes lamina propria

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22
Q

What are enterocytes and what are some of their features?

A

Main absorptive cell, tall, columnar and with brush border

23
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucin

24
Q

What do Paneth cells do?

A

Involved in defence

25
Q

What are cells that produce hormones that control secretion and motility?

A

Enteroendocrine

26
Q

What do stem cells do?

A

Replenish the epithelium

27
Q

What parts of epithelium do the plicae have?

A

Mucosa and submucosa

28
Q

What are the relative sizes of the two types of muscle in the ileum? What is the exception to this?

A

Circular muscle is very thick and longitudinal is very thin- the exception is when the longitudinal muscle is gathered into bands at the teniae coli

29
Q

What are the principle cell types in the large intestine?

A

Absorptive and goblet

30
Q

What is the epithelia of the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous- becoming keratinised as it gets nearer the outside world

31
Q

When is the gut tube formed?

A

When the embryo folds

32
Q

What embryological part forms the gut tube?

A

Lateral aspects of the endoderm meeting

33
Q

What embryological part forms the body wall?

A

Mesoderm

34
Q

What areas of the GI tract are endoderm derived?

A

Epithelia of mucosa and associated ducts and glands

35
Q

What areas of the GI tract are visceral mesoderm derived?

A

Lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and externa, connective tissue

36
Q

What are ventral mesenteries of the GI tract?

A

Lesser omentum and falciform ligaments

37
Q

What are dorsal mesenteries of the GI tract?

A

Mesoduodenum and mesocolon, superior mesenteric artery

38
Q

Where do most mesenteries attach?

A

Dorsal border

39
Q

What are ventral mesenteries derived from?

A

Septum transversum

40
Q

When is the oesophagus distinguishable?

A

Week 4

41
Q

When does the circular muscle develop?

A

Week 5

42
Q

When does the longitudinal muscle develop?

A

Week 8

43
Q

What do the lesser omentum and falciform ligaments form?

A

Ventral mesentery

44
Q

Where are parts 1 and 2 of the duodenum derived from?

A

Caudal part of foregut

45
Q

Where are parts 3 and 4 of the duodenum derived from?

A

Cranial part of midgut

46
Q

What grows into the mesoderm of the septum transversum?

A

Liver bud

47
Q

Where do the liver cells and lining of the biliary tree come from?

A

Endoderm

48
Q

Is the pancreas always retroperitoneal?

A

No it is intraperitoneal during development

49
Q

What is it known as when a mass of pancreatic tissue forms around the duodenum, causing stenosis?

A

Annular pancreas

50
Q

Where is the spleen derived from and when does it form?

A

Mesoderm derived in week 5

51
Q

When does the spleen develop into a lymphoid organ?

A

15-18

52
Q

What connects the midgut to the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

53
Q

What is a vitelline fistula?

A

Open connection from the small intestine to the outside world

54
Q

When does recanalization of the gut lumen occur?

A

Week 9

GI (17 decks)

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