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Reproduction > Histology and embryology > Flashcards

Histology and embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two roles of the ovary?

A
  • produce gametes (termed oogenesis in females)

- produce steroids, mainly oestrogens and progestogens (mainly progesterone)

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2
Q

What are the sections of the ovary?

A
  • the medulla

- the cortex

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3
Q

Describe the medulla of the ovary

A
  • forms the core of the organs
  • contains loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics
  • continuous with the hilum or the organ
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4
Q

Describe the cortex of the ovary

A
  • scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
  • the outer ‘shell’ of the cortex is a dense connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea, which is covered by a single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium
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5
Q

What are atretic follicle?

A

Follicles that begin the steps of development but not complete, undergo apoptosis

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6
Q

Many cancers involve what layer of the ovary?

A

Involve the germinal epithelium

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7
Q

Describe oogonia

A
  • early in embryonic development (around week 6) cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia
  • these cells will undergo development and division via meiosis to form mature oocytes
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8
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The development of oocytes, the female germ cells from oogonia

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9
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

The growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells

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10
Q

What is atresia?

A

An apoptosis based process in which there is loss of oogonia and oocytes

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11
Q

Describe meiotic development of follicles before birth

A
  • before birth meiosis begins in the oocytes
  • however it halts at prophase 1
  • if the oocyte undergoes development meiosis will restart but will remain in this state for several decades
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12
Q

What are follicles?

A

Cells which are surrounding and supporting the oocyte

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13
Q

Describe primordial follciles

A
  • arrested follicles
  • outer layer of cells surrounding the oocyte, squamous like cells
  • these will become much taller, become cuboidal cells when transitioning to a primary follicle
  • the transition is necessary for the oocyte to survive
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14
Q

Describe late primary follicles

A
  • multiple granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte

- well developed zona pellucida

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15
Q

What is indicative of the development of a secondary follicle?

A
  • a split in cells and development of a fluid filled cavity called the antrum
  • this is accumulating fluid within it (liquor for the colliculi) so the antrum will expand substantially
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16
Q

A tertiary follicle is also referred to as what?

A

A graffian follicle

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17
Q

How is the theca interna formed and what does it produce?

A
  • inner layers of the adjacent stromal cells (theca folliculi) transform to form the theca interna
  • as it develops it becomes highly vascularised
  • this goes on to secrete oestrogen precursors which will be converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells
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18
Q

What forms the theca externa?

A

The outer layers of stromal cells remain fibroblast like

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19
Q

What occurs one day before ovulation in the largest graafian follicle?

A
  • it will complete meiosis 1
  • but instead of producing two equal cells it will produce one cell (secondary oocyte)
  • the secondary oocyte will begin the second phase of meiosis, but stop at metaphase 2
  • it will only complete meiosis to become a fully mature oocyte after is has been fertilised
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20
Q

After ovulation, what happens to the follicle?

A
  • transforms into a corpus luteum

- with the theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

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21
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

A
  • it will become a white coloured connective tissue called the corpus albicans
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22
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if implantation occurs?

A
  • the placenta secreted HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum for a time
  • this means that progesterone levels are maintained which in turn maintains the pregnancy
23
Q

Describe the features of the ampulla of the uterine tube

A
  • where fertilisation occurs
  • the mucosa is highly folded and lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretory cells
  • this is surrounded by two layers of smooth muscle
24
Q

What is the endometrium?

A
  • an inner secretory mucosa
  • most of which is shed during menstruation
  • it is made up of tubular secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue stroma
25
Q

What is the myometrium?

A
  • a coat of 3 layers of smooth muscle (layers often not very distinct)
  • combined with collagen and elastic tissue
26
Q

What is the perimetrium

A

An outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

27
Q

The endometrium is divided into what sections?

A
  • stratum functionalis (F); undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss (lost with each period)
  • stratum basalis (B); a reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis
28
Q

What occurs in the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

A
  • the stratum basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow
  • this increases the thickness of the endometrium by reconstituting the stratum functionalis
29
Q

What occurs in the endometrium during the secretory phase?

A

During the secretory phase the glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

30
Q

What occurs in the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

A
  • during the menstrual phase arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction, depriving the tissue of blood and causing ischaemia
  • resulting in tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing
31
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • a short cylinder with a small lumen that projects into the upper vagina
  • it is mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface
  • transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
  • this transition zone is a common site of dysplasia, and neoplastic changes leading to cervical cancer most frequently begin in this transition zone
32
Q

Describe the glands of the cervix

A
  • the endocervical glands
  • the secretion of these glands varies from thin and watery in the proliferative phase (allowing the passage of sperm) to thick and viscous following ovulation (preventing the passage of sperm, or microorganisms)
  • the outlets of these glands can become blocked causing the glands to expand with secretions forming a nabothian cyst
33
Q

What are the four layers of the vagina?

A
  • non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. During reproductive years, this layer is thicker and cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation
  • lamina propria; connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin walled blood vessels
  • fibromuscular layer; inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
  • adventitia
34
Q

How is the vagina lubricated?

A
  • there are no glands in the wall of the vagina

- it is lubricated by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

35
Q

How does the vagina inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria?

A

Commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria

36
Q

What is mons pubis?

A
  • skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles
  • produce coarse, very curly hair characteristic of pubic hair
  • overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad, which itself overlies the pubic symphysis
37
Q

What are the labia majora?

A
  • extensions of the mons pubis, similar structure
  • rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous gland and with small bundles of smooth muscle
  • hair follicles on the outer surface, but not the inner surface
38
Q

What are the labia minora?

A
  • thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin
  • keratinised epithelium extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the hymen, where there is a transition to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
39
Q

What is the clitoris?

A
  • contains two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa)
  • covered by a fibro-collagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis
40
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The formation of the three germ layers

41
Q

The urogenital system arises from what embryological layer?

A

Arise from intermediate mesoderm

42
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A
  • when there is folding in the horizontal plane (around about the 4th week) the intermediate mesoderm forms a longitudinal ridge or mass on each side of the primitive aorta
43
Q

What forms the primitive sex cords?

A
  • primordial germ cells within the yolk sac migrate via dorsal mesentery to intermediate mesoderm (weeks 4-6)
  • coelomic epithelium proliferates and thickens to form genital ridges
  • proliferating epithelium will form somatic support cells which envelop the PGCs
  • this forms the primitive sex cords
44
Q

What occurs during the ambisexual / biopotential phase?

A
  • the development of the genital ducts;
  • mesonephric (wolfian) duct, paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
  • the genital ducts and indifferent gonads mark the ambisexual phase of development
  • sexual differentiation occurs from week 7 onwards
  • both sets of ducts connect to posterior wall of urogenital sinus, both present during indifferent stage of reproductive development
45
Q

Female development occurs when?

A

In the absence of SRY transcription factor (sex determining region of Y)

46
Q

The paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts give rise to what?

A
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • superior vagina
47
Q

What are the three areas of the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct has 3 parts?

A
  • cranial portion which opens up into the coleomic cavity
  • horizontal portion which crosses the mesonephric duct
  • caudal portion which fuses with the paramesonephric duct on the opposite side
48
Q

The uterovaginal canal gives rise to what?

A

The uterus and superior vagina

49
Q

Male development occurs when?

A

The presence of SRY transcription factor

50
Q

SRY protein stimulates the formation of what?

A

Sertoli cells

51
Q

Persistent mullerian duct syndrome presents with what?

A
  • uterus, vagina and uterine tubes
  • testes in ovarian location
  • male external genitalia
52
Q

What are the different variations of female development?

A
  • double uterus, double vagina
  • double uterus
  • biornate uterus
  • septated uterus
  • unicornate uterus
  • cervical atresia
53
Q

The seminal vesicles develop from where?

A

The mesonephric duct

Reproduction (10 decks)

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