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SUGER > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary tract?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • ureters
  • Bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

What does a nephron comprise of?

A 
Glomerulis 
PCT
Thick limb of the loop of henle
Thin limb of the loop of henle 
DCT
Collecting duct
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3
Q

3 layers of the kidney at low microscopic levels?

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Central renal pelvis
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4
Q

What are primarily found in the renal cortex and which appears most prevalent?

A

Glomerulus
PCT
DCT

PCT appears most prevalent as it is the largest. However, they are all present in equal numbers.

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5
Q

What is a medullary ray?

A

Specialised areas- collections of loops of henle and collecting diets that originate from nephrons that have their renal corpuscles in the outer part of the cortex.

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6
Q

What does the renal medulla comprise of?

A

Loop of henle and collecting ducts?

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7
Q

What do the tubular structures in the renal medulla comprise of?

A

Loop of henle and associated blood vessel

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8
Q

What is a key feature of the capillaries in the glomerulus?

A

They are fenestrated

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9
Q

What specialised cells are found on the outside of the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Podocytes

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10
Q

What specialised connective tissue cells support the glomerulus?

A

Mesangial cells

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11
Q

What is the glomerulus encased in?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

How can capillary endothelial cells and mesangial cells within the glomerulus be distinguished on a microscope slide?

A

Capillary endothelial cells have a nucleus that lies in the inside of the capillary

Mesangial cells lie between capillaries

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13
Q

Role of mesangial cells In the glomerulus?

A

-provides structural support for the capillaries in their production of extracellular matrix proteins.
-contraction of the smooth muscle that mesangial cells comprise, tightens the capillaries and so reduces glomerular filtration production rate.
This is impotent in tubuloglomerular feedback
-Also involved in the phagocytosis of glomerular basement membrane break down products

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14
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Chemical changes in the tubules act to alter glomerular filtration rate

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Glomerular capillary wall
Basement membrane
Foot processes of the podocytes

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16
Q

In the capillary basement membrane of the glomerulus, what prevents the passage of albumin

A

Fenestrated vascular endothelial cells

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17
Q

How many grams of albumin per day in the urine would highlight a fault in the glomerulus?

A

3g

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18
Q

What does the glomerular basement membrane contain?

A

Collagen and negatively charged heparin sulfate molecules

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19
Q

What 3 cells are found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Granular cells
Mecula densa cells
Lacis cells

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20
Q

What are the two components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Afferent arteriole

Macula densa

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21
Q

What does the afferent arteriole contribute to the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Granular cells

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22
Q

What do granular cells secrete

A

Renin in response to low BP

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23
Q

What do the macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus do in response slow filtration

A

-slow filtration means more NaCl absorption. The macula densa cells send a signal to reduce afferent arteriole resistance and increase filtration rate

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24
Q

What epithelium is the PCT lined with?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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25
Q

Why does the PCT require lots of mitochondria?

A

They actively transport 2/3rd sodium and potassium. Small protein molecules, polypeptides, AA and glucose from the glomerular filtrate in selective reabsorption.

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26
Q

What kind of epithelium do the tick and thin segments of the loop of Henle have?

A

Thick- low cuboidal

Thin- simple squamous

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27
Q

How can the DCT and PCT be distinguished?

A

The PCT has a prominent brush border as it contains microvilli, the DCT does not have microvilli

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28
Q

Role of DCT and the epithelium it is lined with a?

A

Regulates the acid base balance

Low cuboidal epithelium

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29
Q

How can the collecting duct be distinguished?

A

More plump epithelium than the loop of henle
Round central nucleus
Cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

2 types of cell in the epithelium of the collecting duct?

A

Principal cells: responds to aldersterone and ADH
Intercalated cells
-Alpha intercalated cells secrete H+
-Beta intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate

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31
Q

Explain the kidneys blood supply prior to the glomerulus

A
  • Renal branch of the abdominal aorta at the level L1
  • Anterior and posterior branches
  • interlobar arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • interlobular arteries
  • afferent arteriole
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32
Q

Explain the blood supply In a nephron following the glomerulus

A
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Vasa recta
  • Renal veins
  • IVC
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33
Q

What lines the renal pelvis

A

Urothelium

-collecting ducts in the medulla drain into the renal pelvis

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34
Q

Role of the renal pelvis?

A

Transmit urine from the nephron ureter

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35
Q

What does urothelium consist of?

A

Multilayered stratified epithelium

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36
Q

Role of the ureta and what lines it?

A

Convert urine by PERISTALIS from the kidney to the bladder

Lined with urothelium

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37
Q

Structure of the ureter

A
  • spiral muscular tubes
  • Inner longitudinal layer and outer circular layer
  • NO serosa
  • Lined by loose fibrous Adventitia
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38
Q

What lines the female urethra?

A

Urothelium proximally

None karatonising stratified squamous epithelium dismally

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39
Q

What glands open up into the female urethra?

A
  • periurethral

- paraurethral

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40
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic (urothelium)
  • Membranous (urothelium)
  • Penile: proximally pseudostratified
    distally: non-karontinising stratified squamous
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41
Q

What part of the kidney is particularly responsive to aldersterone?

A

Collecting ducts

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42
Q

At what point in the bladder is the muscular is propria most easily discerned?

A

At the bladder neck

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43
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

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44
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A
  • Barrier to infection
  • Waterproofing: prevents absorption/desiccation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Protects against trauma and abrasive forces
  • Protection against UV light
  • Site of vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensation
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45
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutis
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46
Q

What is the outermost layer of the skin called and what is it’s basement membrane made from?

A
  • Epidermis

- Collagen type IV

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47
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis (inside out)?

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Strarum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
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48
Q

What cells are found in the stratum basale layer?

A
  • Melanocytes
  • Basale epithelia cells
  • Keratinocytes
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49
Q

What is the role of melanocytes?

A
  • Producing melanin

- They produces melanin in organelles called melanosomes, these are then passed to keratinocytes

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50
Q

What stimulates melanin production?

A

MSH and ATCH hormones

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51
Q

Role of melanin?

A

Absorption of both UVA and UVB light for protection from non-ionising radiation

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52
Q

What does skin colour depend on?

A

Amount and type and melanin.

The number of melanocytes is the same between races

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53
Q

What cells are present in the stratum spinosum?

A
  • Plump polygonal keratinocytes (these are bound together by desmosomes and appear as prominent intercellular adhesions, seen as spikes)
  • Langerhan cells: antigen recognition
  • Merkel cells: sensory cells
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54
Q

What are the cells in the stratum granulosum?

A
  • Layer of flattened squames
  • Haematoxophilic kerato-hyaline granules
  • Keratinocytes: a they mature, their cytoplasm fills with kerato-hyaline granules and they die.
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55
Q

In which layer is keratin produced?

A

Stratum granulosum

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56
Q

Why is the stratum corneum an acellular layer?

A

It consists of plates of keratin in the form of dead keratinocytes from the stratum granulosum

57
Q

What is the extra layer of epidermis seen most easily on the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

58
Q

What does the adnexae include?

A
  • Apocrine sweat glands
  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
59
Q

What is holocrine secretion and what glands carry it out?

A
  • Sebaceous glands

- Secretion of whole cell contents

60
Q

Where are apocrine glands found and what is apocrine secretion?

A
  • Around the genitals, anus, armpits and groin

- Secretions comprise elements of the cytoplasm that bud off from the luminal surface

61
Q

What is the adaptation of the dermo-epidermal junction will helps to anchor the epidermis to the dermis?

A

-It is ridged. The epidermis protrudes downwards in the dermis forming rete pegs

62
Q

What are the two elements of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary dermis (lies between the rete pegs)

- Reticular dermis

63
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptors that can be found in the dermis and what is their role?

A

Meisnner’s corpuscles: fine touch

Pacinian corpuscles: pressure receptors (produces feelings of vibration and tickle)

64
Q

What does the subcutis comprise of and what is it’s role?

A
  • White adipose connective tissue and fibrovascular septa

- Role: insulation, shock absorber, store of energy

65
Q

What does breast tissue comprise of?

A

Males: just a myoepithelial system of ducts
Females: myoepithelial system of ducts and lobules
These are set in fibroadipose connective tissue

66
Q

What is the functional component on the breast?

A

Terminal duct lobular units

67
Q

What are the two layers the ducts and lobules of the breast?

A
  • Outermyoepithelial contractile cells

- Inner columnar epithelial which can adapt to produce milk?

68
Q

What happens to the inner layer of secretory cells in the breast during lactation?

A

They become vacuolated

69
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?

A

Stratum basale

70
Q

What is melanin synthesised from?

A

Tyrosine

71
Q

Main cell in the epidermis containing melanin?

A

Keratinocytes

72
Q

What does a hair follicle comprise of?

A
  • Hair bulb-downwards extension of the epidermis into the dermis
  • Hair papilla: specialised part of the dermis that is richly innervated and vascular
73
Q

What are the 3 (outermost-innermost) layers of the testis forming a capsule?

A

-Tunica vaginalis: made of mesothelial with a parietal and visceral layer
Tunica albuginea: thick collagen fibres with - some fibroblasts, myocytes and nerve fibres
-Tunica vasculosa: loose connective tissue - contains blood vessels and lymphatics

74
Q

What is the average weight of the testis?

A

15-19g

75
Q

What does the testicular parenchyma contain?

A

-Seminiferous tubules

76
Q

What cells do the seminiferous tubules contain?

A
  • Germ cells in varying stages of maturation

- Sertoli cells

77
Q

Give the 3 types of spermatogonia resting against the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules

A
  • Type A darkly stained - stem cells, divide to form:
  • Type A pale stained - differentiate to form:
  • Type B cells
78
Q

Explain the appearance of the nucleus of the Sertoli cells

A

-Irregularly shapes, folded and prominent

79
Q

Where are leydig cells found?

A

-In the interstitium, between seminiferous tubules

80
Q

What is the rete testis and what is it lined with?

A
  • Anastomosing network of tubules at the hilum of the testis

- Simple squamous of low columnar epithelium

81
Q

What is the function of the rete testis?

A
  • Acts as a mixing chamber for the contents of the seminiferous tubules
  • Possible secretions
  • Reabsorption of protein from the luminal contents
82
Q

What are the efferent ducts lined with?

A

-Ciliated or non ciliated simple columnar epithelium with interspersed basal (cuboidal) cells giving it a pseudostratified appearance

83
Q

What lines the epididymis?

A

-Tall columnar cells with atypical cilia

84
Q

What surrounds the basement membrane of the epididymis?

A

-Well defined muscular coat

85
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A
  • Absorption of testicular fluid
  • Phagocytosis of degenerate spermatozoa
  • Production of secretions rich in glycoproteins, sialic acid, glycerylphosphorycholine (role in sperm maturation)
86
Q

What lines the vas deferens ?

A

-pseudostratified columnar epithelium with columnar and basal cells

87
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the vas deferens contain?

A

3

88
Q

Where is the prostate?

A

-Surrounds the neck of the bladder and prostatic urethra

89
Q

What are the lobes of the prostate?

A
  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
  • 2x lateral
90
Q

What are the clinical divisions of the prostate?

A
  • Peripheral (site of cancer development)
  • Central (undergoes enlargement with increasing age)
  • Transitional
  • Peri-urethral
91
Q

What capsule covers the prostate?

A

Ill-defined fibro-connective tissue capsule

92
Q

What are the ducts of the prostate?

A
  • Large primary

- Small secondary

93
Q

What are the acini of the prostate?

A

Sac-like cavity in a gland surrounded by secretory cells

94
Q

Explain the epithelium of the prostatic acini

A
  • Double layered epithelium
  • One next to the basement membrane that comprises flattened basal epithelial cells (continuous layer)
  • Above this layer is a layer of secretory cells (columnar) with neuroendocrine cells mixed within
95
Q

What do secretory cells of the prostatic acini secrete?

A
  • PAS (used to determine prostate cancer and used biologically as an enzyme to liquify ejaculation)
  • PAP
96
Q

What does the stroma of the prostate contain?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Fibroelastic fibres
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
97
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

-Enlargement of the glands and stroma of the prostate, caused by an increased reproduction rate of cells

98
Q

What are seminal vesicles and where are they found?

A
  • Paired, highly coiled and tubular structure

- Posterolateral to the bladder

99
Q

Where does the seminal duct empty info?

A

-Ejaculatory duct

100
Q

What lines the seminal vesicle?

A

-Tall, ciliated columnar epithelium that contains vacuoles and lipofuscin

101
Q

Explain the 3 components of erectile tissue of the penis

A
  • Left and right corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side

- Corpus spongiosum on the dorsal side

102
Q

What does erectile tissue comprise?

A

-Irregular vascular spaces separated by fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle

103
Q

Give the attachments of the ovary

A

To broad ligament by mesovary
To uterus by utero-ovarian ligament
To pelvic wall by suspensory ligament

104
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ovary?

A
  • mesothelium
  • Tunica albuginea
  • Ovarian stroma (divided into ovarian cortex and medulla)
105
Q

What does the ovarian cortex and ovarian medulla consist of?

A

Cortex: Spindle stromal cells
Ovarian follicles
Some leutinised cells

Medulla: loose fibroelastic tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

106
Q

What happens as a primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle?

A
  • FSH secreted from anterior pituitary stimulates the development
  • The oocyte enlarges
  • The zona pellucida forms around the oocyte
  • Granulosa cells proliferate and change from squamous to cuboidal or columnar
107
Q

What happens as a primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle?

A
  • Formation of the antrum

- The ovarian stroma differentiates into the theca interna and theca externa

108
Q

Explain he structure of a Graafian follicle

A
  • Ovum is surrounded by a thick zona pellucida
  • Corona radiata (layer of granulosa cells)
  • Cumulus oophorous (layer of granulosa cells)
109
Q

What happens to the granulosa and theca cells when the corpus luteum forms?

A
  • The change of the follicle to the corpus luteum is stimulated by LH
  • Leutinisation
  • The granulosa and theca cells become polygonal, larger and with an abundant of cytoplasm
110
Q

What is leutinisation?

A

-Accumulation of lipid

111
Q

What happens when the corpus luteum regresses?

A
  • Granulosa cells decrease in size, develop phknotic nuclei and accumulate lipid
  • Cells undergo dissolution and are phagocytosed
  • There is progressive fibrosis by ingrowth of connective tissue
  • End result: corpus albicans
112
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

-Entirely composed of densely packed collagen with occasional follicles

113
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the Fallopian tube?

A
  • Fertilisation occurs here

- Transports the ovum to the uterus

114
Q

What are the 4 segments of the Fallopian tube?

A
  • Intramural
  • Isthmus
  • Ampulla
  • Infundibulum
115
Q

What are the 2 types of Fallopian epithelial cell?

A
  • Ciliated epithelial cells

- Secretory epithelial cells

116
Q

Explain the muscularis and serosa of the Fallopian tube?

A

Muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle : inner circular
Outer longitudinal

Serosa: connective tissue covered by mesothelium

117
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • Outer serosa
  • Middle muscular myometrium
  • Inner epithelial endometrium
118
Q

Describe the endometrium of the uterus

A
  • Stratum basalis : deep basil layer. Not hormonally responsive, not lost during menstruation.
  • Stratum spongiosum : superficial functional layer. Hormonally responsive, appearance changes dependent on the stage of the menstrual cycle.
119
Q

Explain the appearance of the endometrium during the proliferative phase and what influences this?

A

-Proliferation of endometrium stimulated by oestrogen characterised by:

Straight proliferating glands with mitotic activity
No luminal secretions
Stromal cells are spindled and compact, and show mitotic activity.

120
Q

Explain the histological appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase and what influences it?

A

-Endometrium influenced by progesterone with 3 phases:

Early: epithelial cells of the endometrial glands contain sub-nuclear glycogen vacuoles
Mid: glycogen vacuoles are present above and below the nucleus. The glands become more rounded and the stroma becomes oedematous.
Late: Elongated and saw toothed glands with intraluminal secretions

The stroma: spiral arterioles

121
Q

Explain the histological appearance of the endometrium during the menstrual phase

A

-Comes as a result of progesterone withdrawal
-Characterised by : stromal haemorrhage
granulocytes
stromal and glandular fragmentation

122
Q

What are the 3 layers of the myometrium of the uterus

A
  • Inner longitudinal
  • Middle circular
  • Outer longitudinal
123
Q

What are the two components of the cervix?

A
  • Endocervix

- Ectocervix

124
Q

What lines the stroma of the endocervix?

A

-simple columnar Ciliated epithelium

125
Q

What lines the ectocervix?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

126
Q

What epithelium lines the vagina?

A

Non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

127
Q

What lines the labia minora and majora?

A

Majora : keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

Minora : mostly non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

128
Q

What are pilcae of the Fallopian tube?

A

The mucus is thrown into complex branching folds

129
Q

What are the 3 primary features of the thyroid

A
  • Follicle : contains thyroglobulin
  • Follicular epithelial cells : simple cuboidal, becomes columnar with increased metabolic activity. Produces T3 and T4 cells.
  • Parafollicular / C cells : Produce calcitonin for Ca2+ homeostasis
130
Q

What is in the centre of the thyroid follicle

A

Thyroglobulin

131
Q

What epithelium lines thyroid follicular cells

A

-Simple cuboidal

132
Q

What hormones do thyroid follicular cells produce

A
  • T3: triidothyronine

- T4: Thyroxine

133
Q

What do parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland produce

A

Calcitonin

134
Q

When does the thyroid gland begin producing thyroxine

A

18-20 weeks

135
Q

What protein rich material is at the core of the thyroid follicle

A
  • Colloid

- Contains large amounts of thyroglobulin

136
Q

Explain the synthesis of T1 and T2 hormones in the thyroid

A
  • Iodine is cotransported with Na+ into the follicular cells (iodine trapping).
  • Na+ is pumped back of by
137
Q

Explain the histology of the uterus during menstrual phase

A

-There is a stromal haemorrhage due to a lack of withdrawal of progesterone
-There are granulocytes in the stroma
Stromal and glandular fragmentation

138
Q

Explain the histology of the uterus during the proliferative phase

A

No luminal secretions
Stromal cells : spindled, compact and show mitotic activity
Tortoise glands

139
Q

Explain the histology of the uterus during the secretory phase

A 
Early: sub-nuclear vacuoles 
Mid: vacuoles above and below nucleus 
         Intraluminal secretions
         Rounded glands 
         Stromal oedema 
Late: spiral arteries in stroma 
          Elongated, saw-soother glands with increased luminal secretions

SUGER (3 decks)

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