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SUGER > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve does the inguinal canal contain?

A

-ilioinguinal nerve

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2
Q

Where does the inguinal canal extend from and too?

A

-It extends from the deep inguinal ring to the superficial inguinal ring

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3
Q

What marks the start of the spermatic cord?

A

-Once leaving the superficial ring thee are 3 layers of fascia = start of the spermatic cord.

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4
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

-Vas deferens, testicular artery, panpiniform plexus of veins, nerves and lymphatics of the testis and the processes vaginalis

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5
Q

Cause of an inguinal hernia?

A

Passage of part of the intestine or peritoneum into the inguinal canal- in males these hernias may pass into the spermatic cord

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6
Q

What hormone do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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7
Q

What sac partially surrounds the testes?

A

-Tunica vaginalis

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8
Q

What tube lays along the posterior border of each testis?

A

Epididymis

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9
Q

Fibres of what muscle are found under the scrotal skin?

A

Dartos muscle

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10
Q

What does the scrotum contain?

A

-Testes, epididymis and lower part of the spermatic cord

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11
Q

What makes up the body of the penis?

A
  • 3 cylinders of erectile tissue

- 2 corpus cavernous and 1 corpus spongiosus

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12
Q

Once you reach the anterior superior iliac spine, which way do the anterior oblique muscle fibres run in?

A

Horizontally

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13
Q

Where do the lowermost fibres of the internal oblique muscle take their origin from and where do the fibres insert?

A

-They take their origin from the lateral 2/3rds of the inguinal ligament and insert on to the pubic tubercle

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14
Q

What acts to protect against hernias?

A

The lower fibres of the internal oblique arch over inguinal canal, contraction of these fibres closes the canal = protection from hernias

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15
Q

Where does the transverse muscle layer take its origin from?

A

Lateral 1/3rd of the inguinal ligament

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16
Q

How many layers of tissue cover the core contents of the inguinal canal?

A

-A single transversalis fascia layer

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of fascia covering the inguinal canal called?

A
  • Inner thin and loose transversalis fascia layer
  • Middle cremesteric muscle layer: comes from internal oblique
  • External spermatic fascia: comes from external oblique aponeurosis (only covered by 3 layers as they pass out of the superficial inguinal ring)
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18
Q

Why is having the testes in the scrotum and surrounded by the panpiniform plexus of veins beneficial?

A

-The veins dissipate heat and SA of scrotum helps to lower the temp of the testis. Spermatogenesis is optimal at a temp lower than body temp

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19
Q

What is the vas deferens and how is it distinguished?

A
  • Duct which carries sperm from epididymis to the urethra

- It is a thick, larger and harder tube

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20
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply?

A

-Supplies skin over the base of the penis and the anterior third of the scrotum

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21
Q

What does the cremesteric muscle layer enable the testis to do?

A

Retract

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22
Q

What is the sac of peritoneum surrounding the testis called?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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23
Q

What is the connection from the tunica vaginalis to the abdomen called?

A

Processus vaginalis

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24
Q

How is a congenital indirect inguinal hernia formed?

A

The processus vaginalis does not obliterate forming a tube extending from the abdomen to the scrotum. When the baby cries, bowel is pushed into the tube

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25
Q

What are the 3 arteries and 3 veins of the spermatic cord

A 
Arteries: testicular 
                artery of vas deferens 
                Cremesteric 
Veins: testicular (panpiniform plexus)
              Veins from vas deferens 
              Cremesteric vein
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26
Q

What are the 3 nerves of the spermatic cord?

A
  • Nerve to the cremaster (genital branch of genitofemoral)
  • Inguinal branch of ilioinguinal nerve (supplies sensation to anterior 3rd of scrotum)
  • Sympathetic nerves to vas and testes
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27
Q

What makes up the anterior and the posterior surface of the testicle?

A
  • Anterior surface: the testicle itself

- Posterior: epididymis

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28
Q

What makes up the centre of the testis?

A

-Multiple microscopic seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

Why does the urethra need to be wide bore?

A

-This enables it to sustain a high urine flow rate with a low driving pressure from the bladder

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30
Q

What 3 cylinders of erectile tissue form the penis?

A
  • 2 corpus cavernous a

- 2 corpus spongiosus

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31
Q

What is the corpus cavernous attached too and where does this tissue arise and end?

A

-It is attached to the pelvis and ends at the glans.

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32
Q

What forms the glans?

A

-Corpus spongiosum

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33
Q

What is the navicular fossa?

A

-A dilation within the urethra where the urethra is at it’s widest

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34
Q

What is the thick fascia covering the whole of the penis and what is it’s role?

A

-Bucks fascia: limits the amount of blood flowing to the penis during an erection

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35
Q

What supports the urethra during ejaculation?

A

-Upper part supported by prostate, lower by perineal membrane.

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36
Q

Where do the public rami extend as far as?

A

-ischial tuberositys

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37
Q

What creates the perineum?

A
  • It is a triangle between the two inferior pubic rami
  • one corner: pubic symphysis
  • Two corners: ischial tuberositys
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38
Q

What creates the ano-rectal triangle?

A

-The two ischial tuberositys and the coccyx

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39
Q

What membrane almost fills the perineum?

A

-Perineal membrane

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40
Q

What muscle is below the perineal membrane and what does it form?

A
  • Deep perineal pouch
  • Forms from sphincters fro the vagina and the urethra in females
  • Forms from just the urethra in males
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41
Q

What is ischio-cavernous so?

A

-It is a layer of skeletal muscle covering the cura cavernosa (groove between the perineal membrane and the inferior pubic rami where the corpus cavernosa arises)

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42
Q

What muscle covers the cure spongiosus?

A

-Bulbiospongiosus

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43
Q

Where is the orifice for the urethra and the vagina?

A

-Between the two labia minora

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44
Q

What supplies the distal part of the anal canal?

A

-S5: sacral spinal nerve

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45
Q

What is the peudendal nerve a branch of and what does it supply?

A
  • Branch of the sacral roots 2,3 and 5
  • Supplies the perineum: posterior 2/3 thirds of the external genitalia and the area of skin off the central buttocks and anal canal
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46
Q

What is the difference between a direct and indirect hernia?

A
  • Direct: passes through the transverse fascia, directly through internal oblique layer and the directly through external ring.
  • Indirect: occurs when the hernia passes along the length of the canal passing through the 3 layers of abdominal wall in a different position.
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47
Q

Where is lymph node metastasis located?

A

-Around the aorta in the upper abdomen

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48
Q

What nerve roots supply the kidney and gonads?

A
  • T10-T12
  • As these nerve roots extend from the midline at the back immediately posterior to the kidney, down to the groin and into the scrotum. Kidney pain can be felt in the scotum and gonadal pain in the loin.
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49
Q

What is hydrocoele

A

-disease occurs the testis of scrotum that cause fluid to collect in the tunica vaginalis = creates a swelling.

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50
Q

Where does the epididymis attach to the testis and where is it at it’s largest?

A

-Ductii efferentes- this is the head of the epididymis and it is at it’s largest here.

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51
Q

Where do the kidneys lie in relation to the peritoneum?

A
  • Extra-peritoneal (outside)

- Retro-peritoneal (behind)

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52
Q

What kind of fat is each kidney embedded in and what fascia is it covered with?

A
  • Perinephric fat

- Renal fascia

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53
Q

What border of the kidney is the renal hilum found at and what leaves the kidney here?

A
  • Medial border

- Renal artery, renal vein, ureter, lymphatics and sympathetic nerves.

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54
Q

What is the perinephric fat of the kidney related to posteriorly?

A

-Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall; diaphragm; psoas major; quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis.

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55
Q

What is the right and left kidney related to anteriorly?

A
  • Right: liver, duodenum and coil of intestines

- Left: stomach, spleen, pancreas and coil of intestines

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56
Q

Where are the suprarenal glands found?

A

-Upper pole of each kidney deep in the Perinephric fat

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57
Q

What are the shapes of the two suprarenal glands and where do they lie?

A
  • Right: tetrahedral and lies behind the liver and IVC

- Left: crescent shaped and lies behind the stomach and pancreas

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58
Q

What does the posterior abdominal wall consist of?

A

-Lumbar spine, psoas muscle and quadratus lumborum muscles

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59
Q

What structures rung along the posterior abdominal wall?

A

-IVC, aorta and associated autonomic plexus and lymph nodes

60
Q

How do renal, adrenal and gonadal veins of the retro peritoneum on either side drain into the IVC.

A
  • Right side: adrenal, renal and gonadal veins all drain into IVC separately.
  • Left side: adrenal, renal and gonadal vein all join the renal vein which passes over the aorta to drain into the right side of the IVC.
61
Q

What is a varicocoel and what can it be caused by?

A
  • Swelling of the veins around the testis

- When tumours of the kidney compress the testicular vein.

62
Q

What are the 3 arteries of the suprarenal glands and how many veins do they have?

A

Arteries: one from the renal artery; one from the aorta and the artery to the diaphragm

-A single vein

63
Q

Name the structures anteriorly to posteriorly of the hilum

A
  • Renal vein
  • Renal artery almost immediately behind
  • Ureter almost posteriorly
64
Q

What is ‘water under the bridge in terms of the ureter and gonadal vessel?

A

-The ureter runs down towards the bladder and UNDER the gonadal vessel.

65
Q

What fat is the kidney encased in?

A

-Perinephric

66
Q

Where do tumours of the kidney tend to grow alongside?

A

-The renal vein

67
Q

What could cause unilateral swelling of the scrotum?

A

-Tumour on the left side of the kidney within the renal vein that blocks the gonadal vein

68
Q

Where does the gonadal artery arise from and where does the gonadal vein drain into?

A
  • Arises from the aorta

- Gonadal vein drains into the IVC

69
Q

What creates the granulated appearance inside the kidney?

A

-Blood vessels supplying the glomeruli

70
Q

What is found at the tip of the medullary pyramids and what empties into this space?

A
  • Minor calyx

- Collecting ducts

71
Q

What do 2 or 3 minor calyx fuse to form?

A

-Major calyces

72
Q

What do all major calyces fuse to form?

A

-Renal pelvis

73
Q

What does the renal pelvis drain out through?

A

-Ureter

74
Q

What forms the posterior limit in the upper part of the abdominal cavity?

A

-Diaphragm

75
Q

What muscle runs between the 12th rib and the iliac crest?

A

-Quadratus lumborum muscle

76
Q

What is termed the lateral and medial arcuate lines?

A

-where the diaphragm attaches to the fascia over the quadratus lumborum and psoas muscle

77
Q

What is the median arcuate line?

A

-Where the diaphragm passes in front of the aorta

78
Q

What muscle lies directly on the iliac bone and what nerve runs directly over this muscle?

A
  • Iliacus muscle

- Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

79
Q

What does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?

A

-The skin of the lateral thigh

80
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply and where does it run?

A
  • Skin of the anterior thigh

- Runs in the groove between the iliacus and the psoas muscle

81
Q

Where does the gentifemoral and obturator nerve run?

A
  • Genitofemoral: anterior surface of psoas

- Obturator: medial surface of psoas

82
Q

What is the origin of the psoas muscle and where does it attach?

A
  • Origin: fascia on the sides of the lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs
  • Attaches: lesser trochanter of the femur
83
Q

What 3 nerves form a plexus in the psoas muscle?

A
  • L2, 3 and 4
  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
  • Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
84
Q

Where does the aorta bifurcate?

A

-L4, level of the umbilicus

85
Q

What does the aorta bifurcate into

Following this what and where is the second bifurcation?

A
  • 2 common iliac arteries

- Internal and external iliac arteries and occurs at the sacroiliac joint

86
Q

What does the external iliac artery become and what artery does it give off?

A
  • External iliac artery gives off a number of arteries including the inferior epigastric
  • As it passes under the inguinal ligament it becomes the femoral artery
87
Q

What does the internal iliac artery split into and what does it have an anastomoses with?

A
  • Anterior: supplies bladder, uterus and placenta
  • posterior: forms the superior and inferior gluteal arteries in the buttock. Has an anastomoses with the profundo-femoral artery.
88
Q

Where does the rectum receive it’s blood supply from?

A

-Inferior mesenteric artery

89
Q

What does the obturator nerve supply?

A

-Supplies sensation to the medial part of the thigh down to the knee and motor supply to the medial compartment of the thigh

90
Q

What three bones make up the innominate bone?

A
  • Ileum
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
91
Q

How are the two hemipelvis connected at the front and back?

A
  • They are connected at the midline with a secondary cartilaginous joint at the front.
  • They are connected posteriorly at the sacrum by the sacro-iliac joint
92
Q

What does the pubic bone consist of?

A
  • Superior pubic rami
  • Pubic tubercle
  • Body of the pubis
  • First third of the inferior pubic Ramus
93
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine the attachment for?

A

inguinal ligament

94
Q

What plane is between the two tuberositys and what does this separate?

A
  • Intertubercular plane

- The middle third from the lower third of the abdomen

95
Q

What plane is between the two highest points on the posterior pelvis?

A
  • Intercristal plane
96
Q

What spineous processes does the intercristal plane pass through?

A

-L4 and L5

97
Q

What kind of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

A

-Mixed: has fibrocartilage between the bones but has some synovial and a synovial cavity

98
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve pass in to the buttock and what ligaments create this foramina?

A
  • Greater sciatic notch
  • Ischiasacral ligament
  • Spinosacral ligament
99
Q

What ligament stretches from the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum?

A

-Ischiosacral ligament

100
Q

Explain the difference in the angel between the inferior pubic rami in a male and a female

A
  • Male: ‘V’ shaped- it needs to be as straight as possible to prevent damage to penis and it’s attachments during intercourse
  • Female: more open shallow angle. This is because it needs to be as wide as possible for the delivery of a child
101
Q

What anatomy of the pelvis in a male allows for support of upper body mass?

A

-The spine of the ischium points straight towards the sacrum and there is a smaller distance. Allows a greater amount of weight to pass through the ligaments

102
Q

What anatomy of the pelvis in a female allows for passage of a baby?

A

-In females the distance between the ischium and the sacrum is greater to give a wider outlet to the pelvis for the passage of the baby.

103
Q

What sheet of muscle prevents prolapse of the bowel?

A

-Levator Ani

104
Q

What does the levator ani muscle attach too?

A

-Back of the pubic, fascia of the obturator internus, spine of the ischium and to the sacrum and coccyx.

105
Q

What midline do the fibres of the levator and muscle attach too?

A

-Midline raphe

106
Q

What is the action of the contraction of the levator ani muscle?

A

-Raises the anal canal

107
Q

What are the 4 surfaces of the bladder?

A
  • Superior surface covered with peritoneum
  • 2 lateral surfaces lying against the side of the pelvis
  • A base which lies posteriorly against the rectum or vagina
108
Q

What word is used to describe most of the internal lining of the bladder and what does this lining allow the bladder to do?

A
  • Rugose

- Allows the bladder to distend with urine

109
Q

What is the name of the smooth walled triangle in the bladder between the orifices for the 2 ureters.

A

-The trigone

110
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A
  • Anterior neck
  • Between C5 and T1 vertebrae
  • Straddles trachea
  • Lies behind sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles
  • Wraps around cricoid cartilage & superior tracheal rings
  • Lies inferior to thyroid cartilage of the larynx
111
Q

What divides the 2 lobes of the thyroid ?

A

Isthmus

112
Q

Why is the thyroid highly vascularised?

A

It secrets hormones directly into the blood

113
Q

Explain the arteries of the thyroid

A
  • Superior thyroid artery : branch of external carotid artery & supplies anterior and superior portion
  • Inferior thyroid artery : Aries from the thyrocervical trunk which is a branch of subclavian artery. It supplies posterior and inferior aspect
114
Q

What is the innervation of the thyroid

A

Branches from sympathetic trunk

115
Q

What controls the release of hormones from the thyroid?

A

Pituitary gland

116
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A
  • Pituitary fossa, inferior of optic chiasm

- Pocket sphenoid bone at the base of the brain

117
Q

What connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

118
Q

Why the the two lobes of the Pituitary?

A

Anterior pituitary glad : adenohypophysis

Posterior pituitary gland : neurohypophysis

119
Q

What tissue is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

A protrusion of ectoderm from the mouth : rathke’s pouch

120
Q

What tissue is the posterior pituitary derived from?

A

Neural extension from the neural components of the hypothalamus

121
Q

What is the hypothalamus stimulated to release by other parts of the CNS.

A

Hypophysiotropic hormones

122
Q

What are the hypophysiotropic hormones released by hypothalamus?

A
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
123
Q

Describe the position of the pancreas

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach

12-15cm long, head lies near the C-portion of the duodenum

124
Q

Explain the formation of the pancreas in the foetus

A

At the junction of the foregut and midgut the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts are generated and fuse to form the pancreas

125
Q

Explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas

A
  • Exocrine: secrete products into the pancreatic duct, these secretions enter the small intestine. This function begins after birth (e.g. secretion of bile salts, amylase and trypsin
  • Endocrine (hormone) functions from 10-15 weeks
126
Q

Explain the 3 collagenous compartments of the penis

A
  • Two corpus cavernousum

- One corpus spongiousum

127
Q

What is the scrotum covered by anteriorly ?

A

Tunica vaginalis

128
Q

What does the septa of the testis divide into compartments containing seminiferous tubules ?

A

Tunica albuginea

129
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

130
Q

In what month of pregnancy does the testis descend into the scrotum ?

A

7th

131
Q

Where is mature spermatozoa found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

In the centre, in a fluid filled lumen

132
Q

What does the tubular wall of the seminiferous tubules consist of?

A

Developing germ cells and supporting Sertoli cells

133
Q

Where are leydig cells found?

A

-Small connective tissue spaces between tubules

134
Q

What do converging seminiferous tubules form?

A

Rete testis

135
Q

What epithelium lines the rete testis?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

136
Q

What epithelium lines the efferent ductles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

- The epididymis and vas deferens have stereocilia

137
Q

What joins the 2 vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminal vesicle

138
Q

What muscle lines the vas deferens

A

Smooth muscle

139
Q

What does the myometrium of uterus consist of?

A

Thick layer of bundles of smooth muscle in various direction

140
Q

What epithelium lines the ovary ?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

141
Q

What does the ovary consist of?

A

Primordial germ cells surrounded by fibroblast-like stromal cells in the cortex

142
Q

When do Fallopian tubes open in to?

A

Abdominal cavity close to the ovaries

143
Q

What surrounds the opening of each Fallopian rube?

A

Fimbriae lined with Ciliated epithelium

144
Q

What epithelium lines the uterus ?

A

Simple columnar Ciliated epithelium

145
Q

What epithelium lines the cervix?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

146
Q

What epithelium lines the vagina?

A

Moist stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised at bulbs end)

SUGER (3 decks)

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