Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2- MSK > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functional characteristics of cartilage?

A

Flexible, durable, facilitate movement, protects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some histological characteristics of cartilage?

A
  • Avascular
  • Varying density
  • cells loc in the lacunae
  • Outter dense CT layer called perichondrium (not all cart have this)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define a chondroblast.

A
  • Naive chondrocyte located at the periphery of cartilage

- reside in perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define chondrocytes.

A
  • Located in lacunae

- Produces ECM of cart tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define cartilage fibroblasts

A
  • in perichondrium and fibrocartilage

- Contributes to ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What ECM protein fibers do chondrocytes produce?

A

Type 2 Collagen

Elastic Fibers

SOME Type 1 collagen; shared with fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of protein fibers do fibroblasts produce?

A

Type 1 Collagen (shared with chondrocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which protein fiber is most abundant in cartilage ECM?

A

Type 2 Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What protein fiber is only present within fibrocartilage?

A

Type 1 collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What protein fiber is found only in elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ground substance of the cartilage ECM made of?

A

Aggrecan complex (proteoglycans attached to hyaluronan macromol) and multiadhesive glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

Smooth, low friction surface in JOINTS

Structural support for respiratory tract (TRACHEA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main functions of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the location of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • articular ends of long bones
  • Fetal skeleton
  • Ribcage and nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the location of elastic cartilage?

A
  • External ear and acoustic meatus
  • epiglottis
  • some laryngeal cartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the location of fibrocartilage?

A
  • IVD
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Meniscus
  • Insertions of tendons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cartilage types have pericardium?

A
  • Hyaline (NOT at epiphyses and articular ends)

- elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cartilage types have chondroblasts/cytes as their major cell type?

A

Hyaline and elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cartilage type(s) have chondrocytes and fibroblasts as their main cell type?

A

Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the cell distribution of hyaline cartilage?

A

Isolated/ small isogenous groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cell distribution of elastic cartilage?

A

Small isogenous groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cell distribution of fibrocartilage?

A

Isolated or isogenous groups arranged AXIALLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is interstitial growth (relating to cartilage)?

A

Chondrocyte proliferation gives rise to isogenous groups (due to production of ECM “pushing” them into isolation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is appositional growth (cartilage)?

A

Growth occurs at the periphery of cartilage OR deep layer of perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are limiting factors in cartilage repair?

A
  • avascular
  • low metabolic rate
  • immobility of chondrocytes
  • limited proliferation of mature chondrocytes
27
Q

When can cartilage be repaired successfully? What happens to most damaged cartilage?

A
  • right under the perichondrium

- scars

28
Q

What is cartilage calcification? Is this the same as ossification?

A
  • CaPO4 crystals in the ECM, hardens cartilage

- No, ossification is different

29
Q

What are some functional characteristics of bone?

A
  • Solid support
  • Enclose medullary cavities
  • Ca/Phosphate/etc reservoir
30
Q

What are some histological characteristics of bone?

A
  • Vascular and innervated
  • Protein fibers vary in type and density
  • Periosteum present (except at epiphyses)
  • Endosteum lines medulla
31
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Vascularized and innervated outer layer of bone

32
Q

What are the layers of the periosteum?

A
  • Fibrous layer: dense irregular CT
  • Cellular Layer: osteoprogenitor cells (well defined in growing bones)
  • Perforating Fibers: penetrations into underlying bone tissue (Dense at lig attachments)
33
Q

What are the types of bone tissue?

A

Compact (Cortical)

Cancellous (trabecular/Spongey)

34
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Single layer of CT lining the spongey bone

-Has endosteal and osteoprogenitor cells

35
Q

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

A

Red: site of hematopoiesis

Yellow: comprised of mostly adipocytes

36
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • Produce type 1 collagen
  • Produce organic components of ECM
  • Progenitor for bone growth (ECM-> deposition of bone growth materials)
37
Q

Where do osteoblasts come from? What are the end results of osteoblasts?

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells

- Either apoptosis or diff into osteocytes

38
Q

Where are osteocytes located in bone tissue? What are their histological characteristics?

A
  • In the lacunae (entrapped in the boney matrix)

- Flattened cells with dendritic processes of cytoplasm (used for cell-cell communication and bone matrix monitoring)

39
Q

What is an integral role of osteocytes?

A

Bone remodeling

40
Q

What are osteoclasts? What do they do?

A
  • Large, multi-nucleated cells
  • Reabsorb old/damaged bone matrix
  • Originate from bone marrow-derived monocytes
41
Q

What is the Howship’s lacunae?

A

Active osteoclasts lining the bone matrix surfaces within reabsorption lacunae

42
Q

What do osteoblasts release for bone growth/repair?

A
  • Osteocalcin (Vit K-dependent polypeptide)
  • Matrix vesicles
  • Collagen fibers
  • Proteoglycans
43
Q

How does bone formation happen from osteoblasts?

A
  • Osteocalcin binds calcium
  • Matrix vesicles release PO4
  • Mat Ves act as nucleating site for hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Crystals accum into mass of calcified fibers and proteoglycans
44
Q

How do osteoclasts act to destroy bone tissue/matrix?

A
  • Proton pumps create 4.5pH condition
  • Release hydrolytic enzymes
  • Degradation occurs intracellularly and calcium, other ions, and byproducts go into bloodstream
45
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

Humerus, femur, metacarpals, phalanges

46
Q

What is an example of short bones?

A

Carpals and tarsals (cuboidal)

47
Q

What is an example of flat bones?

A

Ribs, sternum, some bones of cranium (protective)

48
Q

What is an example of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae, ethmoid, fascial (don’t fit in any other category)

49
Q

What is an example of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella (forms within a tendon)

50
Q

What are the components of a long bone?

A

Diaphyses, metyaphyses (widening ends of shaft), epiphyseal line, epiphyses

51
Q

What are the two types of bone development?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

52
Q

What are the two macroscopic organizations of bone?

A
  • Compact (in cortical region of bone)

- spongey (cancellous)

53
Q

What is the difference between woven and lamellar microscopic organizations of bone tissue?

A

Woven: immature, random organization of cells and matrix

Lamellar: Mature; cells organized into layers known as lamellae

54
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

1) Condensed mesenchyme
2) Osteoprogenitor->Osteoblasts
3) Osteoid matrix-> Woven Bone (within lacunae)
4) Calcification by osteoblasts->lamellar bone
5) External and internal plates= compact, central= cancellous
6) Non-ossified mesenchyme= peri/endosteum

55
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A

1) fetal hyaline cart-> calcification and periosteal bone at diaphyses
2) Primary ossification centers at diaphyses form
3) Secondary oss. centers form at epiphyses
4) Bone replaces cart (exc. at growth plates and articular surfaces)
5) Epiphyseal plates ossify, form epiph. lines

56
Q

What are the five zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A

1) Reserve Cart
2) Proliferation
3) Hypertrophy
4) Calcified cart
5) Ossification

57
Q

Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling.

A

Osteoclasts bore into old bone, forms a reabsorption cavity. Osteoblasts line this cavity and lay down osteoid matrix of a lamella, then die or become clasts. This cycles until only the central canal remains containing osteon.

58
Q

What does an osteon look like on a slide?

A

Like a cross-sectional tree stump with a thicc core

59
Q

What four main things happen during bone repair?

A

1) hematoma
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus
3) Bony callous
4) Bone remodeled

60
Q

Where in bone is most calcium stored?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

61
Q

What two hormones regulate bone reabsorption and generation, regulating calcium levels?

A

PTH- stims osteoclasts and osteocytes, raises blood Ca2+

Calcitonin- opposes PTH to lower blood Ca2+

62
Q

What are synarthroses? Examples and types?

A

Joints with little to no movement

1) Synostoses- thin layer of CT (skull)
2) Syndesmoses- only dense CT (SI Joint/ inf. tibiofibular joint)
3) Symphyses- pad of fibrocart with surfaces covered by thin hyaline (IVD and Pub Symph)

63
Q

What are diarthroses? What are some characteristics?

A

Synovial joints with free movement

Fibrous outer layer, synovial membrane inside, ligaments cross the joint

Block 2- MSK (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions