Histology Flashcards
What are the 3 tissue layers of the ureter? What are each composed of?
- Mucosa = transitional eptihelium, umbrella cells, globlet cells, underlying lamina propria
- Muscularis = inner longitudinal, outer circular, outer longitudinal (distal 1/3)
- Adventitia = areolar onnective tissue, blood/lymph/nerve supply
What are the 4 tissue layers of the bladder? What are each composed of?
- Mucosa = transitional epithelium, underlying lamina propria, rugae
- Mucularis = inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal
- Advnetitia = areolar connective tissue, blood/lymph/nerve supply
- Serosa = visceral peritoneum
What are the 2 tissue layers of the female urethra? Male urethra?
Female:
- Mucosa = transitional to pseudo-stratified squamous to non-keratinized stratified squamous cells with underlying lamina propria
- Muscularis = circular smooth muscle
Male:
- Mucosa = transitional to pseudo-stratified squamous to non-keratinized stratified squamous cells with underlying lamina propria
- Muscularis = circular smooth muscle in prostatic urethra and circular skeletal in membranous urethra
What are the components of Bowman’s capsule?
- Podocytes = modified simple squamous epithelila cells with foot-like projections that wrap around epithelial cells of the glomerular capillaries
- Capsular space = beginning of the lumen of the urinary tubule
- Outer wall = simple squamous eptihelium; outer layer of the capsule
Fill in the following chart outlining the cell type making up the different parts of the nephron.
What are mesangial cells? What is their function?
Contractile cells residing among the glomerular capillaries and in the cleft between afferent and efferent arteriole
Regulate glomerular filtraiton rate by contracting to reduce surface area open for filtration
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
What stimulates them?
What is the outcome of stimulation?
Specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles (and efferent)
Stimuli =
- Decreased pressure in afferents sensed by stretch receptors
- SNS signaling to beta-1 adrenergic receptor (in response to low BP)
- Macula densa prostaglandin in repsonse to lowered [Na+]
Outcome = release of renin
What are macula densa cells?
What stimulates them?
What is the outcome of stimulation?
Specialized cells packed tightly in the DCT at the point where it comes in contact with the glomerulus
Stimuli
- Drops in [NaCl] from absolute low levels or decreased renal flow
Outcome
- Prostaglandin release to stimulate JG cells to release renin
- NO and prostaglandin release to stimulate vasodilation of afferent arteriole
Along the early distal convoluted tubule:
- What are important channels on the apical membrane? (2)
- What are important channels on the basolateral membrane? (5)
Apical
- Na+/Cl- symporter moving Na+ and Cl- inside cell
- Calcium channels moving Ca++ inside cell
Basolateral
- Na+/K+ ATPase moving 3 Na+ into cell and 2K+ into interstitium
- Calcium ATPase moving Ca++ into interstitium
- Ca++/Na+ ATPase = moving Na+ into cell and Ca++ into interstitium
K+ channels moving K+ into interstitium
Cl- moving Cl- into interstitium
What 3 cells make up the epithelium of the late distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct? What is the main job of each?
- Principal cells = reabsorb Na+/water; secrete K+
- Intercalated Cells Type A = reabsorb K+; secrete H+
- Intercalated Cells Type B = secrete K+; reabsorb H+
What are the basolateral and apical channels for the principal and intercalated cells (A and B) of the late DCT and cortical collecting duct?
Late DCT apical = Na+ channel (passive; inside), K+ channel (passive; lumen)
Late DCT basolateral = Na+/K+ ATPase, Cl- channel (passive; blood)
Intercalated A apical = H+ ATPase (lumen), H+/K+ ATPase (H+ lumen, K+ cell), Cl- channel (passive; lumen)
Intercalated A basolateral = HCO3-/Cl- antiporter (HCO3- blood, Cl- cell), K+ channel (passive, blood)
Intercalated B apical = HCO3-/Cl- antiporter (HCO3- lumen, Cl- cell), K+ channel (passive, lumen)
Intercalated B basolateral = H+ ATPase (blood), H+/K+ ATPase (H+ blood, K+ cell), Cl- channel (passive; blood)
What are the layers of the ovary (starting from inside and moving out)
- Ovarian medulla = loosely arranged connective tissue with vasculature/lymphatics/nerves
- Ovarian cortex = outer layer of the ovaries containing the oocytes in all their stages
- Tunica albuginea = white capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
- Germinal epithelium = simple epithelium covering the surace of the ovary
Define the following:
- Follicular cells
- Granulosa cells
- Theca cell
- Mature follicle
- Corpus luteum
- Corpus albicans
- A single layer of cells surrounding an oocyte; develop into granulosa and theca cells
- Layers of cells directly surrounding the oocyte; responds to FSH; produces estradiol
- A layer of cells surrounding the follicular cells; responds to LH; produce androgens
- Large fluid-filled follicles ready to rupture and expel the oocyte
- Remnants of a mature follicle
- The degernated product of corpus luteum
What is the histology (layers) of the fallopian tubes from in to out? (3)
- Mucosa (epithlium + lamina propria)
- Muscularis (thick inner + thin outer)
- Serosa
What are two specialized cells in the mucosa of the fallopian tubes? What is the function of each?
- Ciliated cells –> move oocyte/ovum to the uterus
- Peg cells –> microvilli that secrete fluid to provide nutrition to the ovum
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
- Endometrium (epithelium+ stroma + endometrial glands)
- Myometrium (inner thing long + middle thick circular + outer thin long)
- Perimetrium = serosa (becomes broad ligament)
- What are 2 types of cells making up the endometrium?
- What are the functional layers of the endometrium?
- Ciliated and secretory
- Stratum basalis (permanent) and stratum functionalis (sloughs off)
What are the 3 layers of the vagina?
- Mucosa (epithelium + glycogen –> organic acids)
- Muscularis (inner long + outer circular)
- Adventitia (connective tissue)
Explain the internal structure of the mammary gland:
Each gland has 15-20 lobes separated by adipose tissue
Each lobe has multiple lobules embedded in connective tissue
Contractile myoepithelial cells surround each lobule
Each lobule is composed of alveoli (make the milk) that drain into a secondary tubule
Explain the internal structure of the testes.
What are the 2 layers surrounding the testes?
Testis are divided into lobules
Lobules each contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules embedded in interstitial/leydig cells
Each seminferous tubule has a basement membrane, sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells (sperm precursors), and a lumen
Testes are surrounded by tunica albuginea (dense irregular connective tissue)
Tunica albuginea is partially surrounded by tunica vaginalis (serous membrane derived from peritoneum)
Label the following image of the seminiferous tubules:
What are sterocilia? Where are they located? What is their function?
Microvilli
Located on the epithelium lining the epididymis
Increase SA for absorption of degenerated sperm
What are the 3 layers of the epididymis (in to out)
- Epithelium
- Smooth muscle
- Connective tissue with blood and nerves
What are the 2 layers of the vas deferens (in to out)
- Epithelium + lamina propria
- Muscularis (inner long + middle circular + outer long)
What are the 2 types of tissue within the penis?
What are the 4 layers surrounding these tissues (in to out)?
Inside
- Copora cavernosa penis = 2 dorsolateral cylinders; become the crura
- Corpus spongosium penis = smaller mid-ventral cylinder; contains spongy urethra; becomes bulb and glans penis
Layers
- Tunica albuginea
- Fascia
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Skin
Label the following image:
What are the 3 layers of the decidua basalis?
- Stratum compactum = layer closest to embryo
- Stratum spongiosum = middle layer
- Stratum basalis = layer closest to myometrium; where the placenta detaches
