Anatomy Flashcards
What is the pathway through which filtrate/urine flows, beginning from the collecting duct? How many of each do we have per kidney?
- Collecting duct - thousands
- Papillary ducts - hundreds
- Minor calyces - 8 to 18
- Major calyces - 2-3
- Renal pelvic - 1
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Ureters:
- Location
- Length
- Diameter
Location = retroperitoneal, descending from kidneys and then moving towards bladder medially and obliquely
Length = 25-30 cm
Diamter = 1-10 mm
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Bladder
- Location
- Shape
- Capacity
Location = posterior to pubic symphysis; anterior to rectum in males; anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus in females
Shape = spherical when slightly full; pear shaped when very full
Capacity = 700-800mL
What muscles make up the internal and external urethral sphincter?
Internal = middle circular fibers of the bladder (detrusor muscle)
External = skeletal muscle of the deep perineal muscles
What is the trigone of the bladder? What is located there?
A small and smooth triangular area on the floor of the bladder
- Anterior corner = internal urethral orifice
- Posterior corners = ureteral orifices
Urethra:
- Location
- Length
Location = diectly posterior to pubic symphysis; passing through prostate, perineal muscles, and penis in men; passing through perineal muscles in women
Length = 4 cm in women and 20 cm in men
What are the 3 sections of the male urethra and how long are they?
- Prostatic urethra = passes through prostate (3cm)
- Membranous/intermediate urethra = passes through deep peritoneal muscles (2cm)
- Spongy urethra = passes through penis (15cm)
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What is the blood supply to the ureters? Bladder?
Ureters:
Branches off of renal, gonadal, aortic, common iliac, internal iliac, superior vesical, uterine, middle rectal, vaginal, and inferior vesical artery
Bladder:
Superior vesical artery from umbilical artery from hypogastric artery
Middle vesical artery from umbilical or superior vesical artery
Inferior vesical artery from hypogastric artery
What is the blood supply to the penis?
- Bulbar artery
- Urethral artery
- Cavernosal artery and its branches, the helicine arteries
- Dorsal artery of the penis and its branches, the circumflex arteries
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Where is Barrington’s nucleus located?
The rostral pons of the brainstem.
Where are the kidneys located?
Between T11/12 and L3
Between peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
What tissue surrounds the kidney, from deep to superficial, and what is its job?
Renal capsule = smooth transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue
- Barrier against trauma
- Maintain kidney’s shape
Adipose capsule = mass of fatty tissue surrounding renal capsule
- Barrier against trauma
- Hold the kidney in place in the abdominal cavity
Renal fascia = thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
- Anchor kidney to surrounding structures/abdominal wall
What are the 2 distinct regions that the kidney is split into?
- Renal cortex = superficial, and in between pyramids
- Renal medulla = inner renal pyramids
What is the renal hilum?
What is the renal sinus?
What is the renal lobe?
What is the renal papilla?
Hilum = indentation of the kidney where the ureter, blood/lymph vessels and nerves enter/exit
Sinus = cavity that includes the major and minor calyces, part of the renal pelvis, and blood vessels/nerves
Lobe = One renal pyramid and the cortex beside and above it
Papilla = the apex of a renal pyramid
What is the blood supply to the kidney? Include all branches up to the capillary
What is the venous drainage from the kidney? Include all branches starting at the capillary
Arteries:
Abdominal aorta –> R/L renal –> segmental –> interlobar –> arcuate –> cortical radiate –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillaries –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
Veins:
Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta –> cortical radiate –> arcuate –> interlobar –> L/R renal –> IVC
Label the following image of the kidney:
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What are the 2 types of nephrons and what makes them different?
- Cortical nephron
- Only a thick ascending limb
- Glomerulus higher in cotex
- Short loop only down to outer medulla
- Peritubular capillaries - Medullary nephron
- Thin and thick ascending limb
- Glomerulus in lower cortex
- Long loop down to deep medulla
- Vasa recta
Where is the macula densa located?
Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?
Macula Densa = thick ascending limb that is contact with the corpuscle
Juxtaglomerular cells = afferent arteriole
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Describe the size/shape of the ovaries and where they are located.
Almond-sized and shaped
Located on either side of the uterus, level with the brim of the superior pelvic cavity
What are the 4 ligaments attached to the ovaries? What do they attach to?
- Mesovarium (double fold of peritoneum) = between fallopian tubes and ovaries
- Broad ligament of the uteru (fold of parietal peritoneum) = attach to mesovarium
- Ovarian ligament = attaches to uterus
- Suspenory ligament = attaches to pelvic wall
Label the following image of the female reproductive system:
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What are the 4 components of the fallopian tube?
- Infundibulum = funnel shapped portion; distal to uterus
- Fimbraiae = fingerlike projections
- Ampulla = widest longest part (2/3 length)
- Isthmus = short narrow thick walled portion joining the uterus
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Where is the uterus located? What is its size and shape?
Located between bladder and rectum, curving anteriorly and superiorly over the bladder
Size and shape of an inverted pear
Larger in females who have been pregnant
What are the 4 components of the uterus?
- Fundus = dome shaped portion superior to fallopian tubes
- Body = tapering central protion where inmplantation happens
- Isthmus = area between body and cervix
- Cervix = inferior narrow portion leading to vagina (internal os, canal, external os)
What are 4 ligaments connected to the uterus and what do they attach to?
- Broad ligaments of the uterus (double folds of peritoneum) = pelvic cavity sides
- Uterosacral ligaments = sacrum
- Cardinal ligaments = side pelvic walls
- Round ligaments = labia majora
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What is the hymen and where is it located?
A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane forming a border and partial closure of the vaginal orifice
What are 5 structures of the vulva?
What are 3 glands of the vulva and what do they do?
Structures:
- Mons pubis = adipose tissue anterior to urethral opening that cushions pubic symphysis
- Labia majora = 2 longitudinal folds of skin containing adipose/sebaceous/apocrine glands
- Labia minora = 2 small folds of skin with no pubic hair and containing sebaceous glands
- Clitoris = 2 small erectile bodies (exposed = glans; overlying skin = prepuce)
- Bulb of the vestibule = erectile tissue narrowing vaginal canal during intercourse
Glands:
- Paraurethral glands = secrete mucus in the urethral wall
- Bartholin’s glands = secrete mucus to lubricate intercourse
- Lesser vestibular glands = secrete mucus to lubricate intercourse
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Define the following and explain its function:
- Nipple
- Areola
- Mammary gland
- Pigmented projection –> contains lactiferous duct openings for milk secretion
- Circular pigmented skin –> contains sebaceous glands
- Modified sudoriferous gland –> gland that produces milk
Explain the passage of milk starting with mammary gland alveoli and ending with nipple
Alveoli –> secondary tubules –> mammary ducts –> lactiferous sinuses –> lactiferous ducts –> nipple
What ligament supports the breasts?
Cooper’s ligaments
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What is the arterial blood supply to the uterus?
What is the venous drainage from the uterus?
Arteries:
Abdominal aorta –> common iliac arteries –> internal iliac arteries –> uterine arteries – arcuate arteries (myometrium) –> radial arteries (in deep myometrium) –> straight arterioles (stratum basalis) –> spiral arterioles (stratum functionalis)
Veins:
Uterine veins –> internal iliac veins –> common iliac veins –> IVC
What are the 3 components of the epididymis?
- Head = large superior portion
- Body = narrow mid portion
- Tail = distal end; continuoous with vas deferens
Describe origin, path, and end location of the vas deferens?
Origin = posterior to testes at the epididymus ending
Ascends along posterior border of epididymis, moves up through the spermatic cord, etners the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureters, passes across the side and then down the posterior surface of the bladder, and opens up into the ejaculatory duct.
Describe origin, path, and end location of the ejaculatory ducts
Origin = whre the seminal vesicle duct and vas deferens meet
Passes inferiorly and anteriorly towards teh prostate, moves through the prostate, and opens into the prostatic urethra
Where are the following male glands located?
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral / Cowper’s glands
- Posterior to base of urinary bladder; anterior to rectum
- Inferior to bladder; surrounding prostatic urethra
- Inferior to prostate; on either side of membranous urethra; within the deep perineal muscles
Label the following image of the male reproductive system:
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List the structures through which sperm passes, beginning with the seminiferous tubular lumen and ending with the spongy urethra
Seminiferous tubular lumen –> straight tubules –> rete testis network –> efferent ducts –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> spongy urethra
What two muscles are part of the scrotum and where are they located?
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- Dartos muscle = smooth muscle within scrotal and scrotal septum’s subcutaneous tissue
- Cremastor muscle = extension of the internal oblique muscle extending through spermatic cord into the scrotum and surrounding the testes
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What are the 4 components of the penis?
- Body = main shaft
- Glans penis = erectile tissue at the tip
- Foreskin / prepuce = skin covering glans penis
- Root = bulb and crura
What are the 3 things tethering the penis to the body and what are they attached to?
- Crura = ischial and inferior pubic rami
- Fundiform ligament = linea alba
- Suspensory igament = pubic symphysis
Inguinal canal
- Where does it originate?
- Where does it pass through
- Where does it end?
- What passes through it
- Deep inguinal ring in transversus abdominus muscle
- Passes through anterior abdominal wall
- Ends at superficial inguinal ring in external oblique muscle
- Males = spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve; Females = round ligament of uterus and ilioinguinal nerve
What is the name of the plexus of veins draining the testes?
Pampniform plexus
- At what week is the fetal blood supply established?
- What is the maternal blood movement to/from the placenta?
- What is the fetal blood movement to/from the placenta?
- Week 4
- Uterine arteries –> maternal sinuses around villi –> uterine veins
- Two umbilical artereis –> villi capillaries –> umbilical vein
Label the following image of the placenta:
