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T9 MF3 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway through which filtrate/urine flows, beginning from the collecting duct? How many of each do we have per kidney?

A
  1. Collecting duct - thousands
  2. Papillary ducts - hundreds
  3. Minor calyces - 8 to 18
  4. Major calyces - 2-3
  5. Renal pelvic - 1
  6. Ureters
  7. Bladder
  8. Urethra
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2
Q

Ureters:

  • Location
  • Length
  • Diameter
A

Location = retroperitoneal, descending from kidneys and then moving towards bladder medially and obliquely

Length = 25-30 cm

Diamter = 1-10 mm

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3
Q

Label the following image

A
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4
Q

Label the following image:

A
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5
Q

Bladder

  • Location
  • Shape
  • Capacity
A

Location = posterior to pubic symphysis; anterior to rectum in males; anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus in females

Shape = spherical when slightly full; pear shaped when very full

Capacity = 700-800mL

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6
Q

What muscles make up the internal and external urethral sphincter?

A

Internal = middle circular fibers of the bladder (detrusor muscle)

External = skeletal muscle of the deep perineal muscles

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7
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder? What is located there?

A

A small and smooth triangular area on the floor of the bladder

  • Anterior corner = internal urethral orifice
  • Posterior corners = ureteral orifices
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8
Q

Urethra:

  • Location
  • Length
A

Location = diectly posterior to pubic symphysis; passing through prostate, perineal muscles, and penis in men; passing through perineal muscles in women

Length = 4 cm in women and 20 cm in men

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9
Q

What are the 3 sections of the male urethra and how long are they?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra = passes through prostate (3cm)
  2. Membranous/intermediate urethra = passes through deep peritoneal muscles (2cm)
  3. Spongy urethra = passes through penis (15cm)
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10
Q

Label the following image:

A
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11
Q

What is the blood supply to the ureters? Bladder?

A

Ureters:

Branches off of renal, gonadal, aortic, common iliac, internal iliac, superior vesical, uterine, middle rectal, vaginal, and inferior vesical artery

Bladder:

Superior vesical artery from umbilical artery from hypogastric artery

Middle vesical artery from umbilical or superior vesical artery

Inferior vesical artery from hypogastric artery

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the penis?

A
  1. Bulbar artery
  2. Urethral artery
  3. Cavernosal artery and its branches, the helicine arteries
  4. Dorsal artery of the penis and its branches, the circumflex arteries
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13
Q

Label the following image:

A
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14
Q

Where is Barrington’s nucleus located?

A

The rostral pons of the brainstem.

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15
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Between T11/12 and L3

Between peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall

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16
Q

What tissue surrounds the kidney, from deep to superficial, and what is its job?

A

Renal capsule = smooth transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue

  • Barrier against trauma
  • Maintain kidney’s shape

Adipose capsule = mass of fatty tissue surrounding renal capsule

  • Barrier against trauma
  • Hold the kidney in place in the abdominal cavity

Renal fascia = thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue

  • Anchor kidney to surrounding structures/abdominal wall
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17
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions that the kidney is split into?

A
  1. Renal cortex = superficial, and in between pyramids
  2. Renal medulla = inner renal pyramids
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18
Q

What is the renal hilum?

What is the renal sinus?

What is the renal lobe?

What is the renal papilla?

A

Hilum = indentation of the kidney where the ureter, blood/lymph vessels and nerves enter/exit

Sinus = cavity that includes the major and minor calyces, part of the renal pelvis, and blood vessels/nerves

Lobe = One renal pyramid and the cortex beside and above it

Papilla = the apex of a renal pyramid

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to the kidney? Include all branches up to the capillary

What is the venous drainage from the kidney? Include all branches starting at the capillary

A

Arteries:

Abdominal aorta –> R/L renal –> segmental –> interlobar –> arcuate –> cortical radiate –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillaries –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

Veins:

Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta –> cortical radiate –> arcuate –> interlobar –> L/R renal –> IVC

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20
Q

Label the following image of the kidney:

A
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21
Q

Label the following image of the kidney:

A
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22
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons and what makes them different?

A
  1. Cortical nephron
    - Only a thick ascending limb
    - Glomerulus higher in cotex
    - Short loop only down to outer medulla
    - Peritubular capillaries
  2. Medullary nephron
    - Thin and thick ascending limb
    - Glomerulus in lower cortex
    - Long loop down to deep medulla
    - Vasa recta
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23
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

Macula Densa = thick ascending limb that is contact with the corpuscle

Juxtaglomerular cells = afferent arteriole

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24
Q

Label the following image:

A
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25
Q

Label the following image:

A
26
Q
A
27
Q

Describe the size/shape of the ovaries and where they are located.

A

Almond-sized and shaped

Located on either side of the uterus, level with the brim of the superior pelvic cavity

28
Q

What are the 4 ligaments attached to the ovaries? What do they attach to?

A
  1. Mesovarium (double fold of peritoneum) = between fallopian tubes and ovaries
  2. Broad ligament of the uteru (fold of parietal peritoneum) = attach to mesovarium
  3. Ovarian ligament = attaches to uterus
  4. Suspenory ligament = attaches to pelvic wall
29
Q

Label the following image of the female reproductive system:

A
30
Q

Label the following image:

A
31
Q

What are the 4 components of the fallopian tube?

A
  1. Infundibulum = funnel shapped portion; distal to uterus
  2. Fimbraiae = fingerlike projections
  3. Ampulla = widest longest part (2/3 length)
  4. Isthmus = short narrow thick walled portion joining the uterus
32
Q

Label the following image:

A
33
Q

Where is the uterus located? What is its size and shape?

A

Located between bladder and rectum, curving anteriorly and superiorly over the bladder

Size and shape of an inverted pear

Larger in females who have been pregnant

34
Q

What are the 4 components of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus = dome shaped portion superior to fallopian tubes
  2. Body = tapering central protion where inmplantation happens
  3. Isthmus = area between body and cervix
  4. Cervix = inferior narrow portion leading to vagina (internal os, canal, external os)
35
Q

What are 4 ligaments connected to the uterus and what do they attach to?

A
  1. Broad ligaments of the uterus (double folds of peritoneum) = pelvic cavity sides
  2. Uterosacral ligaments = sacrum
  3. Cardinal ligaments = side pelvic walls
  4. Round ligaments = labia majora
36
Q

Label the following image:

A
37
Q

What is the hymen and where is it located?

A

A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane forming a border and partial closure of the vaginal orifice

38
Q

What are 5 structures of the vulva?

What are 3 glands of the vulva and what do they do?

A

Structures:

  1. Mons pubis = adipose tissue anterior to urethral opening that cushions pubic symphysis
  2. Labia majora = 2 longitudinal folds of skin containing adipose/sebaceous/apocrine glands
  3. Labia minora = 2 small folds of skin with no pubic hair and containing sebaceous glands
  4. Clitoris = 2 small erectile bodies (exposed = glans; overlying skin = prepuce)
  5. Bulb of the vestibule = erectile tissue narrowing vaginal canal during intercourse

Glands:

  1. Paraurethral glands = secrete mucus in the urethral wall
  2. Bartholin’s glands = secrete mucus to lubricate intercourse
  3. Lesser vestibular glands = secrete mucus to lubricate intercourse
39
Q

Label the following image:

A
40
Q

Label the following image:

A
41
Q

Define the following and explain its function:

  1. Nipple
  2. Areola
  3. Mammary gland
A
  1. Pigmented projection –> contains lactiferous duct openings for milk secretion
  2. Circular pigmented skin –> contains sebaceous glands
  3. Modified sudoriferous gland –> gland that produces milk
42
Q

Explain the passage of milk starting with mammary gland alveoli and ending with nipple

A

Alveoli –> secondary tubules –> mammary ducts –> lactiferous sinuses –> lactiferous ducts –> nipple

43
Q

What ligament supports the breasts?

A

Cooper’s ligaments

44
Q

Label the following image of the breast:

A
45
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the uterus?

What is the venous drainage from the uterus?

A

Arteries:

Abdominal aorta –> common iliac arteries –> internal iliac arteries –> uterine arteries – arcuate arteries (myometrium) –> radial arteries (in deep myometrium) –> straight arterioles (stratum basalis) –> spiral arterioles (stratum functionalis)

Veins:

Uterine veins –> internal iliac veins –> common iliac veins –> IVC

46
Q

What are the 3 components of the epididymis?

A
  1. Head = large superior portion
  2. Body = narrow mid portion
  3. Tail = distal end; continuoous with vas deferens
47
Q

Describe origin, path, and end location of the vas deferens?

A

Origin = posterior to testes at the epididymus ending

Ascends along posterior border of epididymis, moves up through the spermatic cord, etners the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureters, passes across the side and then down the posterior surface of the bladder, and opens up into the ejaculatory duct.

48
Q

Describe origin, path, and end location of the ejaculatory ducts

A

Origin = whre the seminal vesicle duct and vas deferens meet

Passes inferiorly and anteriorly towards teh prostate, moves through the prostate, and opens into the prostatic urethra

49
Q

Where are the following male glands located?

  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate
  3. Bulbourethral / Cowper’s glands
A
  1. Posterior to base of urinary bladder; anterior to rectum
  2. Inferior to bladder; surrounding prostatic urethra
  3. Inferior to prostate; on either side of membranous urethra; within the deep perineal muscles
50
Q

Label the following image of the male reproductive system:

A
51
Q

Label the following image:

A
52
Q

List the structures through which sperm passes, beginning with the seminiferous tubular lumen and ending with the spongy urethra

A

Seminiferous tubular lumen –> straight tubules –> rete testis network –> efferent ducts –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> spongy urethra

53
Q

What two muscles are part of the scrotum and where are they located?

Label them on the following image:

A
  1. Dartos muscle = smooth muscle within scrotal and scrotal septum’s subcutaneous tissue
  2. Cremastor muscle = extension of the internal oblique muscle extending through spermatic cord into the scrotum and surrounding the testes
54
Q

Label the following image:

A
55
Q

What are the 4 components of the penis?

A
  1. Body = main shaft
  2. Glans penis = erectile tissue at the tip
  3. Foreskin / prepuce = skin covering glans penis
  4. Root = bulb and crura
56
Q

What are the 3 things tethering the penis to the body and what are they attached to?

A
  1. Crura = ischial and inferior pubic rami
  2. Fundiform ligament = linea alba
  3. Suspensory igament = pubic symphysis
57
Q

Inguinal canal

  1. Where does it originate?
  2. Where does it pass through
  3. Where does it end?
  4. What passes through it
A
  1. Deep inguinal ring in transversus abdominus muscle
  2. Passes through anterior abdominal wall
  3. Ends at superficial inguinal ring in external oblique muscle
  4. Males = spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve; Females = round ligament of uterus and ilioinguinal nerve
58
Q

What is the name of the plexus of veins draining the testes?

A

Pampniform plexus

59
Q
  1. At what week is the fetal blood supply established?
  2. What is the maternal blood movement to/from the placenta?
  3. What is the fetal blood movement to/from the placenta?
A
  1. Week 4
  2. Uterine arteries –> maternal sinuses around villi –> uterine veins
  3. Two umbilical artereis –> villi capillaries –> umbilical vein
60
Q

Label the following image of the placenta:

A

T9 MF3 (6 decks)

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