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Respiratory > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is phonation

A

making sounds

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2
Q

what is olfaction

A

smelling

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3
Q

what is the role of the nasal cavity

A

warming, moistening and filtering the inspired air

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4
Q

what cell type covers the roof of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

what cell type lines the vestibule

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

what happens to the epithelial cells as you descend deeper into the nasal cavity

A

lose keratin

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7
Q

describe respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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8
Q

what is underneath the respiratory epithelium

A

the lamina propria

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9
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands and a rich venous plexus

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10
Q

what parts are lines with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and why

A

parts that transmit both air and food; oropharynx, anterior (lingual) surface and upper posterior surface of the epiglottis

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11
Q

what is the larynx made of and lined with

A

cartilage and muscle, respiratory epithelium

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12
Q

what are the vocal chords and adjacent structuers lined with and why

A

stratified squamous epithelium, not cilia

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13
Q

describe the cartilage in the trachea

A

c shaped. gap spanned fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle

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14
Q

what is the respiratory epithelium backed by in the trachea

A

a basal lamina, a lamina propria of connective tissue with abundant elastic tissues, a submucosa- connective tissue with seromucous glands

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15
Q

what are the walls of the bronchus made up of

A

RE, lamina propria, muscularis (ring of smooth muscle), submucosa with adipose tissue and seromucous glands

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16
Q

what happens to the hyaline cartilage as you descend down the bronchi

A

rings become irregularly shaped cartilage discs

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17
Q

when is the cartilage fully lost?

A

when bronchi are about 1mm (bronchioles)

18
Q

what happens to the epithelium as you descend down the respiratory tree

A

decreases in height from columnar to cuboidal

19
Q

what are the terminal bronchioles

A

smallest bronchioles that lack respiratory function

20
Q

what are the respiratory bronchioles

A

after terminal, bronchioles with respiratory function

21
Q

what is the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles made of

A

smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibers

22
Q

what do the smooth muscles of the bronchioles respond to

A

parasympathetic, innervation, histamine and other factors

23
Q

what are terminal bronchioles lined with

A

cuboidal ciliated epithelium and non ciliated club cells

24
Q

what are the role of club cells

A

stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation, surfactant production

25
Q

what cells composes the alveoli

A

discontinuous squamous type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

26
Q

alveolar cells are also called

A

pneumocytes

27
Q

describe type 1 cells

A

simple squamous epithelium

28
Q

describe type 2 cells

A

polygonal, free surface covered by microvilli, dense membrane bound with lamellar bodies which contain surfactant

29
Q

how is surfactant released by type 2 cells

A

via exocytosis

30
Q

what does surfactant do and thus prevent

A

reduces surface tension of pulmonary surface which reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse

31
Q

what are dust cells also known as

A

alveolar macrophages

32
Q

where do dust cells reside

A

free cells either in the septa or migrating over the luminal surfaces of the alveoli

33
Q

what is the role of the dust cells

A

to phagocytose inhaled particles that may have escaped entrapment by the mucous lining of the airway

34
Q

where do dust cells migrate to

A

up the bronchial tree, transported by ciliary action, to the pharynx where they are swallowed or move into the septal connective tissue where they remain

35
Q

what is the air blood barrier

A

the septa between alveoli permeated with capillary networks

36
Q

what does the air blood barrier consist of histologically

A

type 1 cell, endothelial cell and the basal lamina of each

37
Q

describe the outer layer of the visceral pleura

A

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissues,

38
Q

how does smoking affect cilia

A

paralyses them

39
Q

how does smoking affect trachea epithelium

A

replaces it with squamous

40
Q

what does the cartilage prevent

A

smooth muscle closing the airway

41
Q

where is the alveolar duct located

A

at the end of the resp. bronchioles before alveoli

42
Q

what almost always causes mesothelium cancer

A

asbestos

Respiratory (26 decks)

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