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A&P1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • covering and lining epithelium - epidermis of skin, lining of blood vessels and ducts, lines respiratory, reproductive, urinary, & GI tract
  • glandular epithelium - cells secrete a product
    thyroid, adrenal and sweat glands
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3
Q

types of epithelial tissue

A 
simple squamous -lungs
simple cuboidal - kidneys
simple columnar - digestive system
stratified squamous - skin
stratified cuboidal - glands
psuedostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells - respiratory system
transitional - bladder
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4
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  • supports and binds structures together
  • some cells store fat for energy
  • some cells provide immunity
  • very diverse - from blood to bone
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5
Q

types of connective tissue and location

A
  • areolar - wraps around organs
  • adipose - fat
  • reticular - liver, spleen, lymph nodes
  • cartilage - end of bones, intervertebral disks, ear
  • bone - shaft of bones, ends of bones
  • membranes - covers organs, lines cavities, lines joints, skin
  • blood - fluid that allows communication throughout body
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6
Q

types of Blood cells

A
  • Erythrocyte - red blood cell - carries oxygen
  • thrombocyte - platelet - clots blood
  • leukocyte - white blood cells - immunity
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7
Q

white blood cells may increase at anytime, generally indicates

A
  • neutrophil - bacteria
  • eosinophil - parasites - worms
  • basophil - allergies
  • lymphocyte - T cells and B cells - cancer
  • monocyte - cancer
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8
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  • cardiac - heart
  • skeletal - attached to bone
  • smooth - found in organs
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9
Q

integumentary system

A

a group of organs and their derivatives that make up the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerve endings

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10
Q

skin functions as an organ to

A
  • regulate body temperature
  • protect from bacteria, chemicals, uv, trauma
  • sensation - awareness for protection
  • excretion
  • immunity
  • blood reservoir
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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11
Q

2 major layers of skin

A

epidermis - epithelial tissue only

dermis - layer of CT, MT, and NT

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12
Q

general anatomy of Integumentary system

A
  • large organ composed of all 4 tissue types
  • 22 square feet
  • 1-2mm thick
  • 10lbs
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13
Q

injections in Integumentary system

A
  • IM - intramuscular injection - into the muscle
  • Dermal Injections - above hypodermis, ex: TB test
  • Hypodermic injection - below the dermis
  • transdermal med - medicine absorbed through epidermis to hypodermis
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14
Q

IM - Intramuscular injection

A

into the muscle

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15
Q

Dermal Injection

A

above the hypodermis, ex TB test

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16
Q

Hypodermic Injection

A

below the dermis

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17
Q

Transdermal Med

A

medicine absorbed through epidermis to hypodermis

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18
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

layer of adipose and areolar tissue, not part of skin, more bv

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19
Q

epidermis

A
  • apical layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • contains no blood vessels
  • 4 types of cells within epidermis
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20
Q

epithelial cells

A

form in basal layer (stratum basal) and migrate to surface, die, and slough off

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21
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic skin disorder, cells shed in 7-10 days as flaky silvery scales, abnormal keratin produced

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22
Q

keratinization & epidermal growth

A
  • stem cells divide, produce keratinocytes at basal layer,migrate to surface
  • as keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface, they fill with keratin
  • 4 week journey unless outer layers removed in abrasion
  • hormone EGF (epidermal growth factor) can speed up process
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23
Q

4 cell types in epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes 90%
  • Melanocytes 8%
  • Langerhan
  • merkel
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24
Q

keratinocytes cells

A

produce keratin, ex callus

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25
Q

melanocytes cells

A
  • produces melanin pigment

- melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes

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26
Q

langerhan cells

A

from bone marrow

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27
Q

merkel cells

A

for touch reception

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28
Q

skin graft

A
  • covering of a wound with a piece of healthy skin

- new skin can not refenerate if stratum basale and its stem cells are destroyed

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29
Q

types of skin grafts

A
  • autograft
  • xenograft
  • isograft
  • autologous skin
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30
Q

autograft

A

type of skin graft

from selve

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31
Q

xenograft

A

type of skin graft

between species

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32
Q

isograft

A

type of skin graft

from twin

33
Q

autologous skin

A

type of skin graft

patients skin grown in culture prior to grafting procedure

34
Q

dermis

A
  • connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastice fibers with a few fibrolasts, macrophages and adipocytes and some smooth muscle
  • contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood vessels
35
Q

melanin

A
  • in epidermis
  • produced by melanocytes
  • granuels of melanin enter keratinocytes
  • same number of melanocytes in all people
  • UV stimulates melanin production
36
Q

albinism

A

genetic, no melanin production

37
Q

vitiligo

A

no melanocytes, patches of white

38
Q

4 pigments that affect skin

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin
bilirubin

39
Q

carotene

A
  • yellow orange pigment
  • precursor for vitamin A
  • gives skin yellow hue
  • sun tan pills
40
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • a protein inside red blood cells that caries oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • when bound to oxygen it turns bright red
  • gives skin a pink hue
41
Q

bilirubin

A

formed by accelerated destruction of red blood cells, liver diseases, gives skin a yellow hue

42
Q

bluish nail beds

A

pt is cyanotic, reduced oxygen to blood

43
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning

A

pink hue of mucous membrane

44
Q

jaundice

A

bilirubin accumulates in skin, skin has a yellow hue, photo therapy for newborns

45
Q

erythemia

A

skin is red from increased blood flow from irritation, infection, allergy, inflammation, burns

46
Q

freckles, liver spots

A

melanocytes in patches

47
Q

accessory structures of skin

A
  • epithelial cells - specialize

- cells sink inward during development to form: hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nails

48
Q

functions of hair

A
  • prevents heat loss
  • decreases sunburn
  • eyelashes help protect eyes
  • touch receptors sense light tough
49
Q

hair related structures

A

arrector pili

hair root plexus

50
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle in dermis, contracts with cold or fear. forms goose bumps as hair is pulled vertically

51
Q

hair root plexus

A

touch receptors
detect hair movement
sebaceous glands

52
Q

structure/ parts of hair

A
  • shaft - visible above skin
  • root - below skin
  • follicle- downward extension of the epidermis
  • bulb - base of follicle that contains the matrix that is the site of cell division
53
Q

hair

A

a column of dead keratinized cells bound together by extracellular proteins with 4 parts
chemotherapy effects

54
Q

hair growth stage

A

lasts for 2-6 years
matrix cells at base of hair root divide producing increased length
old hair falls out as growth stage begins again
normal hair loss is 70-100 hairs per day

55
Q

resting stage

A

lasts for 3 months

matrix cells inactive and follicle atrophies

56
Q

hair growth: what causes the matrix to stop mitosis

A

poor nutrition, stress, chemotherapy

57
Q

hair color

A

result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb

58
Q

dark hair

A

contains true melanin

59
Q

blonde and red hair

A

contain melanin with iron and sulfur added

60
Q

graying hair

A

a result of decline in melanin production

61
Q

white hair

A

air bubbles in the medullary shaft

62
Q

glands of the skin

A
  • sebaceous oil glands
  • sudiferous sweat glands
  • ceruminous wax glands
  • mammary milk glands
63
Q

sebaceous oil glands

A
  • secretory portion in the dermis
  • most open onto hair shafts
  • sebum
  • acne
64
Q

sudiferous sweat glands

A

eccrine sweat glands

apocrine sweat glands

65
Q

sebum

A

combination of cholesterol, proteins, fats, and salts
keeps hair and skin soft and pliable
inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi

66
Q

acne

A

bacterial inflammation of glands

secretions stimulated by hormones at puberty

67
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

most areas of skin, secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface, regulate body temperature with perspiration

68
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

armpit and pubic region, secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens onto hair follicle, secretions more viscous, active at puberty

69
Q

sweat / perspiration

A

fluid produced by the epithelial gland, main function is to cool the body, as sweat evaporates heat energy leaves body surface, minor function of removing waste

70
Q

sweat / perspiration contains

A

water, salt, urea, uric acid, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, ascorbic acid

71
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified sweat glands produce waxy secretion in ear canal, helps form barrier for entrance of foreign bodies

72
Q

nails

A

packed keratinized epithelial cells

73
Q

nail body

A

visible portion that is pink due to underlying capillaries

74
Q

nail colors indicate

A

pink-normal blood flow
blue/grey - hypoxia, low oxygen
dark blue to black - liver disease
furrows & ridges - dietary deficiency

75
Q

nail matrix

A

area of growth, below nail root

area of mitosis 1mm a week

76
Q

3 common forms of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanomas

77
Q

types of burns

A

first degree
second degree
third degree or full thickness

78
Q

malignant melanomas

A

most common cancer in young women
arise from melanocytes - life threatening
key to treatment is early detection
risks factors are skin color, sun exposure, family history, age, and immunological status

A&P1 (2 decks)

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