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Haematology SB > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is haemopoeisis

A

production of blood cells

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2
Q

what are blood cells derived from

A

pluripotent stem cells

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3
Q

where is the sites of haematopoiesis at different ages

A

Embryo
- yolk sac then liver then spleen

Birth

  • bone marrow mostly
  • liver and spleen when needed

Birth to Maturity
- number of active sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopoiesis

Adult
- bone marrow of skull, ribs sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur

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4
Q

in general, what are the sub-headings for division to a mature cell in the haemopoietic tree

A

Stem Cells&raquo_space; Multipoint progenitors&raquo_space; Oligolineage progenitors&raquo_space; Mature cells

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5
Q

what are the two Oligolineage progenitors

A

CMP = common myeloid progenitor

CLP = common lymphocyte progenitor

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6
Q

what is the progression of precursor to mature cell for neutrophils

A

myeloblast to promyelocyte to myelocyte through metamyelocyte forms eventually neutrophils

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7
Q

what is erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell production

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8
Q

what is the progression of precursor to mature cell for RBC/erythrocyte

A 
1 - Pronormoblast
2 - Basophilic/early normoblast
3 - Polychromatophilic/ intermediate normoblast
4 - Orthochromatic/late normoblast
5 - Reticulocyte
6 - Mature red cell/erythrocyte
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9
Q

what happens during the different stages/cells of erythropoiesis

A
  • size drops as cell matures
  • once they have the haemoglobin in the cell they start oxygen carrying
  • reticulocytes are first cell to be seen in blood stream
  • all previous are in the bone marrow
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10
Q

what in the blood stream can show how active the bone marrow is

A

number of reticulocytes

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11
Q

what key step occurs between the Orthochromatic/late normoblast and reticulocyte

A

lose nucleus and RNA

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12
Q

how does a reticulocyte and a RBC differ in appear

A

reticulocyte stains slightly blue due to left over RNA still present

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13
Q

what is the precursor cell for platelets

A

megakaryocyte

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14
Q

what are the functions of the blood cells

A

Red cells
- Carry oxygen

Platelets
- Stop bleeding

White cells
- Fight infection

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15
Q

what are the different types of white cells

A

granulocytes

macrophages

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16
Q

what are granulocytes names the way they are

A

they contain granules

named according to their uptake of stains

17
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

Eosinophils (red)

Basophils (blue-black)

Neutrophils (didn’t take up either of the colour dyes strongly i.e. neutral)

18
Q

what are graunlocytes derived from

A

GMP

19
Q

what is the structure of neutrophils

A 
Segmented nucleus (polymorph)
Neutral staining granules
20
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

Short life in circulation – transit to tissues.

Phagocytose invaders

Kill with granule contents and die in the process

Attract other cells

Increased by body stress – infection, trauma, infarction

21
Q

what is the structure of eosinophils

A

Usually bi-lobed

Bright orange/red granules

22
Q

what is the function of eosinophils

A

Fight parasitic infections

Involved in hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

Often elevated in patients with allergic conditions (e.g. asthma, atopic rhinitis)

23
Q

what is the structure of basophils

A

Infrequent in circulation

Large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus

24
Q

what is the function of basophils

A

Circulating version of tissue mast cell
Mediates hypersensitivity reactions
FcReceptors bind IgE
Granules contain histamine

25
Q

what are monocytes precursors of

A

macrophages

26
Q

what is the structure of monocytes

A

Large single nucleus

27
Q

what is the function of monocytes

A

Circulate for a week and enter tissues to become macrophages

Phagocyose invaders

  • Kill them/endocytose
  • Present antigen to lymphocytes

Attract other cells
More long lived than neutrophils

28
Q

what is the structure of lymphocytes

A

small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

activated/atypical node = large with plentiful blue cytoplasm and the nucleus has a more “open” structure

29
Q

what investigations can be done to assess the primitive precursors

A

Immunophenotyping
- Expression profile of proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells

Bio-assays
- Culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions

30
Q

where is a common site for bone marrow biopsies because it is quite active

A

posterior iliac crests

31
Q

what are causes of neutrophilia

A 
bacterial infection
inflammation e.g. RA
trauma/post op
corticosteroids 
myeloproliferative disease
32
Q

what are causes of lymphocytosis

A

viral infection
pertussis
childhood response to infection
CLL [smear cells]

Haematology SB (19 decks)

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