Blood Transfusion Flashcards
what blood product is given to a severe burn patient
albumin
what must be included from blood donors blood
infective risk
- bacterial, viral, protozoal infection
risk of transmitting disease
- malignancy, neurological conditions (MS)
HIV
HEP C
HEP B
Syphillis
what are the 4 blood groups and what differentiates them
A - RBC membrane carries A antigen
B - RBC membrane carries B antigen
AB - RBC membrane carries A and B antigen
O - RBC membrane does not carry A or B antigen
what blood can be given to any recipient
group O
i.e. universal donor
what blood group can receive blood from any other donor ABO group
AB recipient
i.e. universal recipient
if the body was to launch an autoimmune attack against a wrong ABO transfusion, what antibodies would be seen
IgG
IgM - majority
what chromosome codes for our blood group
chr 9
what are the phenotype of the blood groups
O gene = silent
A gene = dominant
B gene = dominant
what would you need to be an O blood group
OO
what would you need to be an A blood group
AA or AO
what would you need to be a B blood group
BB or BO
what would you need to be a AB blood group
AB
what is chromosome is responsible for Rh(D) grouping
Chromosome 1
what determines your Rh(D) status
The presence or absence of the Rh(D) protein on the surface of one’s red cells determines whether one is Rh(D) positive or Rh(D) negative
what is the phenotype of Rh(D) and what are the combinations of this
D - dominant
d - recessive
DD = Rh(D) positive Dd = Rh(D) positive dd = Rh(D) negative
what reaction in the lab do we rely on to determine blood group
agglutination
what blood group is the following patient:
red cells + Anti-A = no agglutination
red cells + Anti-B = no agglutination
red cells + Anti-AB = no agglutination
red cells + Anti-D = agglutination
Group O
RhD positive
what colour is anti A and what colour is anti B
anti A = blue
anti B = yellow
what are indications for red cell transfusion
1 - anaemia (severe)
2 - acute blood loss
what are indications for fresh frozen plasma
1 - bleeding or surgery in liver disease with impaired coagulation
2 - coagulopathy following massive transfusion
3 - DIC
what are potential side effects of blood transfusion
1 - immediate haemolytic transfusion reaction
2 - delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions
3 - febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reaction
4 - urticarial reactions
5 - circulatory overload
6 - bacterial infection
7 - viral infection
what happens in immediate haemolytic transfusion reaction
i.e. say A blood is transfused to a group O recipient
1 - group A red cells reach the recipient’s circulation
2 - IgM anti-A binds to the cells
3- activates complement cascade
4 - formation of membrane-attack complex (MAC)
5 - release of C3a and C5a
6 - act on blood vessels to cause leakage and dilatation
7 - fluid leaks into circulation
8 - BP drops
what are the net effects of immediate haemolytic transfusion reaction
systemic hypotension DIC renal vasoconstriction formation of renal intravascular thrombi shock renal failure - OFTEN FATAL
what are Sx a patient will complain of in immediate haemolytic transfusion reaction
pyrexia / rigors faintness / dizziness tachycardia / tachypnoea / hypotension pallor / sweating headaches / chest or lumbar pain local pain at infusion site cyanosis patient may say “something is wrong”
