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NBS1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting portion of respiratory system

A

Nasal cavities
Pharynx and larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and bronchioles

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2
Q

Respiratory portion of respiratory system

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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3
Q

Embryological Origin of Respiratory System

A

evagination of Respiratory diverticulum from the foregut
Epithelium is of endodermal origin
Cartilage, smooth muscle, and CT–thoracic mesenchymal

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4
Q

What makes up the mucosa and submucosa

A

Mucosa–
respiratory epithelium (most conducting positions)
Respiratory portions–simple cuboidal and squamous epithelium
Laminapropria (CT)

Glands

Submucosa
–cartilage and smooth muscle

Tubular so there will be an adventitia

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5
Q

What prevents collapse in extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary parts

A

Extrapulmonary–cartilage

Intrapulmonary–negative pressure

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6
Q

Chambers of the nasal cavities

A

Vestibule
Respiratory segment
Olfactory segment

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7
Q

Vestibule

A

outside of bone
Stratified squamous epithelium (in contact with outside environment)
Vibrissae (hair)
Sebaceous glands to moisten air

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8
Q

Respiratory segment

A

Warms, moistens and filters air
Blood vessels set parallel
Turbinates/conchae to increase SA and created turbulence
Psudeostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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9
Q

Mucosa of the respiratory segment

A 
Respiratory epithelium
-ciliated cells
Goblet 
Brush (micro villi)
Small granule cells (endocrine, para cringe secretion)
Basal cells (progenitor cells)
Lamina Propria
--loose connective tissue
-diffuse lymphatic system
Large blood vessels
Mixed mucous/serous glands
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10
Q

Glands and connective tissue of Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue
Mixed mucous/serous glands
Lies on periostium of turbinate bones

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11
Q

What is the dark line of the respiratory mucosa (respiratory epithelium)

A

Basal Bodies connecting cilia to apical membrane

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12
Q

Difference in nuclei between seromucous glands

A

Serous– rounded (thinner fluid)

Mucous–flattened (thicker)

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13
Q

Location of basal cells in respiratory mucosa

A

Close to the bottom, progenitor cells

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14
Q

How do you identify respiratory mucosa

A 
Mixed seromucous glands (Lamina propria)
Goblet cells (clear)
Ciliated cells
Rounded, dark nucleated progenitor cells (basal cells)
Basal body anchoring cilia
Parallel blood vessels with blood running perpendicular to air flow 
Loose CT
Look for bones of turbinates/conchae
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15
Q

Function of ciliated cells and crush cells

A

Ciliated–movement of mucous towards pharynx

Brush–small microvilli to transmit sensory signals via trigeminal nerve/ sneeze reflex

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16
Q

Cilia structure

A

9 pairs of microtubule doublets surrounding two central pairs of microtubule so that anchor to apical surface by basal bodies

Cells attached together via zonula occludens and macula adherens
Move toward pharynx–microvilli art escalator

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17
Q

Sol made/function

A

Made my serous glands, allow cilia to beat freely

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18
Q

Gel–made/function

A

Goblet cell made, traps particles. Moved by cilia

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19
Q

Cystic fibrosis/mucoviscidosis

A

Defect in Cl-channel protein making mucous more viscous
Malfunction in mucociliary escalator–dehydration
Autosomal recessive, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease
Too much water absorbed by cells (follows Na)

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20
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A

Swollen blood vessels as a result of a histamine immune response in the Lamina propria of the respiratory segment of nasal cavity

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21
Q

Nasal Cavity Mucosa–olfactory segment

A

Olfactory epithelium–psudeostratified columnar
NO GOBLET CELLS (don’t want too much viscosity to trap receptors)
Olfactory cells (bipolar, axons innervate olfactory bulb)
Supporting/sustentacular cells
Basal cells
Brush cells (trigeminal nerve)

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22
Q

Lamina propria olfactory segment

A

Bowman’s glands (serous)

Directly adjacent to periosteum of overlying bone

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23
Q

Function of sustentacular cells and location

A

Support for bipolar olfactory cells
Near apical part of cell
Elongated, darker, apical (don’t get confused with neurons which have prominent nucleoli)

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24
Q

Ciliated in olfactory segment of nasal cavity

A

Bipolar neurons modified to express receptors for various order ants
Every olfactory receptor cell expresses one and only one odorant receptor
Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor converge their processes into the same glomerulus
Non-motile
Synapse on olfactory glomerulus

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25
Q

Axons of olfactory cells

A

Unmeylenated nerve bundles in Lamina propria of olfactory segment in nasal cavity

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26
Q

Bowman’s glands

A

Lamina propria of olfactory segment of nasal cavity
Serous only
Large, bright red nucleus
Flush olfactory epithelium so stimuli are washed away

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27
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A 
Exchange O2 in the air with CO2 in the blood
Filtration
Thermoregulation
Humidification 
(Air conditioning)
Immune Response 
Olfaction
Phonation
Water Balance
28
Q

Pharynx layers

A

Epithelium–respiratory (nasopharynx)
—-stratified squamous in oropharynx and laryngopharynx (need tougher, orally ingested materials)

Lamina Propria
Muscle layer–skeletal
Adventitia–connective tissue

29
Q

Lamina propria of pharynx

A

Seromucous glands in nasopharynx (still part of mucociliary escalator)
Mucous glands in oropharynx and laryngopharynx

30
Q

Chronic inflammation of pharyngeal tonsil

A

Adenoids
Roof of nasopharynx (respiratory epithelium)
Lymphatic tissue
Block eustactian tubes

31
Q

Epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage core
CT (elastic)
Stratified squamous epithelium (from food)
Respiratory epithelium with mucoserous glands

32
Q

Muscle in true vocal folds

A 
Vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle)
Covered by stratified squamous nonkeritizined epithelium

Lamina propria–elastic fibers

33
Q

Transition of epithelium in larynx for vocal folds

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering vocal folds to respiratory epithelium below true vocal folds
Stratified columnar epithelium can be found in the transition from stratified squamous to respiratory epithelium

Lymph nodules and elastic fibers–present in Lamina propria

34
Q

Distinguishing vocal fold vs ventricular fold

A

Vocal fold–you will see vocalalis muscle
No muscle in ventricular fold
Vocal fold–dense bright red elastic fibers

35
Q

Trachea layers

A

Epithelium–respiratory
Lamina propria-thick basement membrane, abundant elastic fibers, diffuse lymphatic system
Submucosa–mixed seromucus (more particles from lungs)
Cartilage layers–c shaped
Adventitia–CT, blood vessels, nerves

36
Q

Mucosa of Trachea

A

Respiratory epithelium
Basal bodies of cilia
Goblet cells above triangle nucleus

Lamina propria
Collagen, thick basement membrane. (Thickens with smoking)
Elastic fibers
Diffuse lymphatic system

37
Q

Glands in submucosa of trachea

A

Mixed seromucus

38
Q

Cartilage layer of trachea

A

C-shaped that prevents collapse along with the tracheal is muscle –flexibility at esophagus

39
Q

Divisions of left and right bronchi

A

Right-3 lobar, 10 segmental

Left-2 lobar, 8 segmental

40
Q

Layers of Bronchi

A

Epithelium–respiratory
Lamina propria–basement membrane decreases in thickness
Muscularis–smooth muscle
Submucosa-mixed seromucus
Cartilage-discontinuous
Adventitia-connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves

41
Q

Lamina propria of bronchi

A

Decreases in thickness
Abundant elastic fibers
Diffuse lymphatic system

Part of the folded mucosa-due to contracted smooth muscle

42
Q

Blood supply to bronchus

A

Pulmonary and systemic supply
Pulmonary arteries do not supply tissue, feed alveolar capillaries at respiratory bronchioles
Bronchial arteries from aorta and supply the intersitium to respiratory bronchioles, anastomoses with pulmonary capillaries

43
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Thin tunica media

44
Q

Size of bronchioles

A
45
Q

Distinguishing features of Bronchioles

A

No glands, no cartilage (different than bronchus which has seromucus)
Goblet cells only in largest bronchioles

Epithelium has cilia
Abundant smooth muscle (decreases with the diameter of the bronchioles)

46
Q

Bronchioles in asthma

A

Extreme contraction of the smooth muscles surrounding causing restriction of flow to the alveoli

47
Q

Divisions in respiratory bronchiole

A

Alveolar duct–in a line
Atrium
Alveolar sac–culdesak

48
Q

Respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli

49
Q

Large respiratory bronchiole epithelium

A

Psudeostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

50
Q

Transition of epithelium in respiratory bronchioles

A

Psudeostratified ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Clara cells

51
Q

Clara cells

A

Divides and differentiate to form ciliated an non-ciliated epithelial cells
Secrete lipoprotein CC160–lung damage marker

52
Q

ER of Clara cells

A

Rough ER (and apical secretory granules) and have smooth ER–detox gases

53
Q

Lung capillary volume, area

Alveolar volume, area

A

LCV–250 mL
LCA-125 square meters
AV-4000 mL (airspace)
AA-140 square meters

54
Q

Cell types in alveoli

A

Pneumocytes (I and II)
Macrophage–phagocytic, wandering black lung, stain dark
Endothelial cells–angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE)
Brush cells–General sensation
Fibroblasts–produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
Blood cells–erythrocytes in capillaries; leukocytes in capillaries and septa

55
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells

A

Type 1–squamous, joined by zonula occuludens, 95% of area

Type 2-cuboidal, 5% surface area, lamellar bodies, produce surfactant

56
Q

Contents of Alveolar Septum

A 
Surfactant
Pneumocytes 
Basal lamina of Pneumocytes
Connective tissue and cells (thicker portion)
Basal Lamina of endothelial cell
Endothelial cell
57
Q

How can you tell the difference between type I vs epithelial cell?

A

Type I–nucleus bulges into air space

Epithelial cell–nucleus bulges into capillary

58
Q

F(X) of macrophages in heart failure

A

Damaged RBCs are degraded after accumulation in lungs

59
Q

F(X) of Type II

A

Secrete phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins that form surfactant

Progenitor cells for type 1 cells.
Hyperplasia of type II is a marker for alveolar injury

60
Q

Make up of surfactant

A

Proteins (A-D)–organize surfactant layers and modulate immune responses
DPPC–most surface tension reducing properties

Only occurs after 35 weeks gestation

Lack of surfactant–RDS

61
Q

Components of Pluera

A

Mesothelial sheet with layer of connective tissue rich in elastic fibers, lymphatics in visceral pleura drain towards the hilum

62
Q

Respiratory changes due to smoking

A

larger basement membrane (decrease elasticity)
Increase in goblet cells (stickier, more mucus)
Loss of synchronous beating patter of cilia, loss of cilia (decrease function of cilia)
Loss of olfactory neurons
CIlia replaced with stratified squamous cells (increased stress, abrasion)–metaplasia
Increase lung cancer

63
Q

COPD

A

Increase macrophages and increased neutrophils, larger alveolar spaces, decrease in surface area in contact with lungs/Ari
Destruction to inter alveolar septa
Loss of tissue elasticity
Elastase is major mechanics in the destruction of alveolar morphology and function

64
Q

Respiratory vs Olfactory epithelium lab differentiation

A

Respiratory–goblet cells, mixed seromucus, blood vessels

Olfactory–no goblet cells, serous glands (bowman’s) and nerve bundles

65
Q

Olfactory Receptor cells

A

Bipolar neurons that span entire thickness of epithelial layer of olfactory epithelium

NBS1 (9 decks)

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