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Musculoskeletal > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe skeletal muscle cells

A

Unbranced, multinucleate, nuclei are at periphery of fibre-just under sarcolemma

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2
Q

What is the name of the cell membrane in muscle cells?

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

What are the bundles that muscle fibres are grouped into called?

A

Fascicles

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4
Q

What is the connective tissue surrounding the muscle as a whole?

A

Epimysium

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5
Q

What is the connective tissue around a single fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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6
Q

What is the connective tissue around a single muscle fibre?

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

What happens to the axon of motor neurone as it nears termination?

A

It branches

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8
Q

Where does each branch of the axon of motor neurone end?

A

In a special type of synapse called the neuromuscular junction

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibre?

A

Type I, IIA, IIB

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10
Q

Describe type I skeletal muscle fibres

A

Relatively slowly contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism. They have abundant mitochondria, are resistant to fatigue and produce relatively less force. Often called ‘red’ fibres.

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11
Q

Describe type IIA skeletal muscle fibres

A

This is intermediate between the other two. They are relatively fast contracting, but are also reasonably resistant to fatigue. These fibres are relatively uncommon

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12
Q

Describe type IIB skeletal muscle fibres

A

Fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism. They have few mitochondria, fatigue relatively easily and produce relatively greater force. Often called ‘white’ fibres.

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13
Q

How are cartilage cells nourished?

A

Diffusion through the extracellular matrix

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14
Q

What are the cells found in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes (chondroblasts when immature)

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15
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

Lacuna- a space in the extracellular matrix

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16
Q

What is the relation between chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix?

A

They secrete and maintain it around them

17
Q

What is the most common form of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

18
Q

What is the make up of ECM in hyaline cartilage?

A

75% water, 25% organic material (of which 60% is type II collagen, 40% proteoglycan aggregates)

19
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

20
Q

Describe the gross appearance of hyaline cartilage

A

Blue-white in colour and translucent

21
Q

Describe the gross appearance and flexibility of elastic cartilage

A

Light yellow in colour, addition of elastic fibres makes it quite flexible

22
Q

Describe the structure and gross appearance of fibrocartilage

A

Hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage. It has bands of densely packed type I collagen interleaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of cartilagenous ECM. Appears white.

23
Q

Where may you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular surfaces, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, epiphyseal growth plates, precursor in fetus to many bones

24
Q

By the early twenties what parts of the skeleton are involved in blood production?

A

Axial and limb girdle

25
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

65% mineral, 23% collagen, 10% water, 2% non-collagen proteins

26
Q

What is the outer shell of dense cortical bone that makes of the shaft?

A

Diaphysis

27
Q

What bone occupies the ends of the bone ( the epiphyses)?

A

Cancellous or trabecular

28
Q

What is the main difference between compact and trabecular bone?

A

Presence of spaces (marrow cavities) adjacent to trabecular bone

29
Q

What are the lines that are often visible surrounding the osteon?

A

Cement lines

30
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Located on bone surfaces, for example under the periosteum, these cells serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts

31
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone. They have plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria.

32
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

33
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large (up to 40 microns or more) multinucleated cells. Found on surface of bone and are responsible for bone resorption

34
Q

What is the name for the collection of osteoclasts/blasts that participate in the cutting cone process in a tunnel is drilled into the bone, in which a blood vessel grows into and the tunnel is lined with osteoblasts which lay down new lamellar bone?

A

Basic multicellular unit (BMU)

35
Q

Until when does the cutting cone process involving the BMU continue?

A

Until only the space of a Haversian canal remains

36
Q

What is the mineral that principally makes up bone?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals, particularly hydroxyapatite: (Ca10(PO 4)6(OH)2

37
Q

What is collectively termed osteoid?

A

The osteoblast secretion of collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and other organic components of the matrix

38
Q

What bone is formed during development or following a break?

A

Woven bone

Musculoskeletal (16 decks)

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