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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 regions of the lower leg?

A

Gluteal, femoral, knee, leg, ankle and foot region

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lower limb?

A

Supports body weight, locomotion, maintain balance

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3
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae

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4
Q

What are the functions of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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5
Q

What nerves innervate superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteal nerves

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6
Q

What is Trendelenburg’s Gait?

A

It is an abnormal gait caused by weakness of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. A lesion of the superior gluteal nerve causes weakness in abduction the thigh at the hip.

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7
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What are the functions of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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9
Q

What is the nerve supply to the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Nerves from sacral plexus

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10
Q

Where do nerves enter/exit the pelvis & perineum?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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11
Q

What is the lesser sciatic foramen formed by?

A

The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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12
Q

What is the gluteal region divided into with regards to injections?

A

Quadrants

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13
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve originate?

A

L4-S3

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14
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles & most of skin

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15
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve originate from?

A

S2-S4

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16
Q

What does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

Principle nerve to perineum

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17
Q

Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh originate from?

A

S1-S3

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18
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh supply?

A

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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19
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve usually exit?

A

Inferior to piriformis, and most lateral exiting the greater sciatic foramen

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20
Q

What is the sciatic nerves artery?

A

Artery to the sciatic nerve

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21
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?

A

Nothing

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22
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve separate, and into what branches?

A

Distal thigh into tibial nerve and common fibular

23
Q

Describe the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior-inguinal ligament. Medially- lateral border of adductor longus. Laterally- medial border of sartorius. Floor- iliopsoas and pectineus. Roof- fascia lata

24
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve and its (terminal) branches.
Femoral sheath and its contents:
-Femoral artery and branches.
-Femoral vein and its proximal tributaries (the great saphenous and deep femoral veins).
-Deep inguinal lymph nodes(one in femoral sheath) and associated lymphatic vessels.

25
Q

What is located within parts of the body that separates up different structures?

A

Fascia and muscle compartments

26
Q

What separates different compartments?

A

Deep fascia and intermuscular septum

27
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) in a compartment. Affects functions of muscles or nerves in compartment. Acute or chronic. Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in emergency

28
Q

What are the 3 compartments within the thigh?

A

Anterior, medial & posterior

29
Q

What are the 3 compartments within the leg?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral

30
Q

What is contained within the anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Flexors of thigh (pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius), extensors of leg (quadriceps femoris), all femoral nerves (L2,3,4)-psoas major supplied by L1-3

31
Q

What is contained within the medial compartment of thigh?

A

Adductors of thigh-adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis and obturator externus. All supplied by obturator nerve (L2-4), except hamstring of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

32
Q

What is contained within the posterior compartment of thigh?

A

Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg-semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris. All supplied by tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2), except short head biceps femoris (common fibular division of sciatic)

33
Q

What is contained within the anterior compartment of leg?

A

Dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes-tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius. All supplied by deep fibular nerve (L4,5)

34
Q

What is contained within the lateral compartment of leg?

A

Evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle-fibularis longus and brevis. All supplied by superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)

35
Q

What is contained within the posterior compartment of leg?

A

Superficial group- plantarflexors of ankle: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris. Deep- flexors of toes & plantarflexors of ankle- popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior. All tibial nerve

36
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superolaterally- biceps femoris. Superomedially-semimembranosus. Inferiorly-gastrocnemius. Roof-popliteal fascia

37
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat, terminal small saphenous vein, popliteal vessels, tibial and common fibular nerves

38
Q

Where do the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb follow and drain?

A

Follow saphenous veins, drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

39
Q

Where do the deep lymphatics of the lower limb follow and drain?

A

Follow deep veins, some to popliteal lymph nodes first if small saphenous vein. Drain to deep inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

40
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint with regards to articulation?

A

Ball (head of femur) and socket (acetabulum of hip)

41
Q

What type of joint with regards to movement is the hip joint?

A

Multiaxial-flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial-lateral rotation, circumduction

42
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint with regards to structure?

A

Synovial-within strong joint capsules, has external fibrous layer and internal membranous layer

43
Q

What forms ligaments at the hip joint?

A

Thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule

44
Q

In what shape do the ligaments form at the hip joint?

A

Spiral from pelvis to head femur

45
Q

What ligaments are formed at the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

46
Q

What is the blood supply to the hip joint?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries-usually from deep femoral artery. Give off retinacular arteries. Artery to head of femur-branch of obturator

47
Q

What type of joint with regards to articulation is the knee joint, and what articulations exist?

A

Hinge joint- 2x femerotibial, 1x femeropatellar

48
Q

What type of joint with regards to structure is the knee joint?

A

Synovial- has external fibrous layer with internal membranous layer- extensions occur as bursea

49
Q

What ligaments are present outside the capsule at the knee joint?

A

Patellar ligament, lateral (fibular) collateral ligament, medial (tibial) collateral ligament

50
Q

What ligaments are present within the knee joint (intra-articular)?

A

Anterior cruciate (ACL), posterior cruciate (PCL)

51
Q

What menisci shaped ligaments are present at the knee joint?

A

Medial and lateral, made of fibrocartilage

52
Q

Describe the calcaneal tendon

A

Achilles, thickest and strongest in body. 15cm long. Tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together. Attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of calcaneus.

53
Q

What reflex is present in the calcaneal tendon?

A

Ankle jerk reflex, results in plantarflexion

Musculoskeletal (16 decks)

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