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GER UNIT 8 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how are endocrine glands histologically different from exocrine glands?

A
  • they do not have ducts
  • they are highly vascularized
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2
Q

compare the embryonic origin and major cell types of the anterior and posterior pituitary

A
  • anterior: from oral ectoderm; has chromophils and chromophobes
  • posterior: from neural ectoderm; has neurons (axons) and pituicytes
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3
Q

what hormones are produced by the acidophilic chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • GH
  • Prolactin
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4
Q

what hormones are produced by the basophilic chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
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5
Q

what are the histologic features of steroid-producing cells?

A
  • appear foamy (esp. zona fasiculata)
  • spherical mitochondria with tubular cristae
  • abundant smooth ER (cholesterol synthesis)
  • central nucleus
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6
Q

which cells of the adrenal gland react with silver salts?

A

the chromaffin cells of the medulla (which produce catecholamines) react with silver salts

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7
Q

name the cell types and corresponding hormones in the islets of langerhans

A
  • a: glucagon
  • ß: insulin
  • d: somatostatin
  • F/PP: pancreatic polypeptide (rare)
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8
Q

what is the major secretory produce of the thyroid follicular cells?

A

thyroid hormones: T3 and T4

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9
Q

what is the function of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid?

A

calcitonin production (inhibits bone resorption and promotes calcification)

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10
Q

what are the physiologic effects of the hormone produced by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland?

A

PTH

  • increases blood Ca2+
  • increases kidney excretiong of Ca2+
  • increases Vitamin D synthesis
  • increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+
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11
Q

what hormones are produced by adipose tissue?

A
  • leptin: appetite and metabolism
  • adiponectin: FA and glucose metabolism; sensitivity to insulin
  • steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens)
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12
Q

what are the 4 histological layers of the ovary?

A
  1. germinal epithelium
  2. tunica albuginea
  3. cortex
  4. medulla
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13
Q

what cell types make up an ovarian follicle?

A

oocyte and follicular epithelium made of follicular cells

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14
Q

what hormone initiates follicle growth?

A
  • FSH
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15
Q

what hormone sustains follicle growth by promoting follicular cell/granulosa cell proliferation?

A

esotrogen drives cell mitosis (proliferation)

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16
Q

what structure separates the primary oocyte from the granulosa?

A

zona pellucida

  • promotes perm association and activation during fertilization
  • primary oocyte and granulosa cells communicates via filopodia and gap junctions
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17
Q

what histological features distinguish a large, viable follicle from a large, atretic follicle?

A
  • healthy: cuboidal cell nuclei, cells attached to follicle wall
  • atretic: pyknotic nuclei, cells slough off into antrum, corpus fibrosum
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18
Q

what cells ovarian cells produce estrogen

A

follicular cells

19
Q

what are the histological feature of luteinized granulosa cells?

A

large, pale eosinophilic cells with foamy cytoplasm (steroid hormone-producing)

20
Q

name 3 steroid hormone-producing structures found in the ovary

A
  • follicular cells
  • luteinized thecal cells
  • luteinized granulosa cells
21
Q

how do the histological features of the oviduct mucosal epithelium relate to its function?

A

ciliated cells: sweep oocyte complex/embryo→ uterus

secretory cells: secretions nourish and protect gametes/embryos

22
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy life-threatening for the mother?

A

placenta erodes large blood vessels, growing embryo ruptures oviduct→lethal hemorrhages

23
Q

what are the histological features of primordial follicles?

A

central oocyte with simple squamous epithelium

24
Q

what are the histological features of unilaminar primary follicles?

A

central oocyte with simple cuboidal epithelium

25
Q

what are the histological features of multilaminar primary follicles?

A

central oocyte with stratified cuboidal epithelium

26
Q

what are the histological features of secondary follicles?

A

central or acentral oocyte with stratified cuboidal epithelium and one or more fluid-filled spaces

27
Q

what are the histological features of mature follicles?

A

dominant secondary follicle, produces visible bulge from the surface of the ovary

28
Q

what are the histological features of large atretic follicles?

A
  • stratified cuboidal epithelium and one or more fluid-filled spaces
  • has cells with pyknotic nuclei sloughed into spaces
  • oocyte may or may not be present
29
Q

describe late menstrual phase endometrium

A
  • no surface epithelium
  • thin layer of stroma containing short glands
30
Q

describe proliferative phase endometrium

A
  • thick layer of stroma covered by surface epithelium
  • contains long, straight glands with narrow lumens
31
Q

describe secretory phase endometrium

A
  • thick layer of stroma covered by surface epithelium
  • contains long, coiled glands with wide lumens
32
Q

describe cervical mucosa

A
  • thick stroma covered by surface epithelium
  • contains long, branched, non-coiled glands with wide lumens
33
Q

waht structural feature of the functional layer leads to its shedding during the menstrual phase?

A

spiral arteries (basal layer is not shed because it has straight arteries)

34
Q

what features of the secretory phase endometrium make it a favorable environment for recieving and sustaining a developing embryo?

A
  • progesterone→secretory cells secrete uterine milk
  • lacunae develop and fill with blood
35
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

colonization of endometrial stroma and parenchymal cells outside uterus because sloughed endometrium passes retrograde through oviducts→peritoneal cavity

36
Q

what are leiomyomas?

A

fibroids, benign smooth muscle tumors in myometrium; happens in 1/4 of women

37
Q

what histological features of the cervical glands would allow you to distinguid them from uterine glands in endometrium?

A

long, non-coiled branching tubular glands with wide lumens

38
Q

what are the sources of nabothian cysts?

A

occlusion of cervical gland ducts

39
Q

what are the sources of chocolate cysts?

A

accumulated blood due to endometriosis under tunica albuginea

40
Q

describe the parenchyma and strma of the inactive breast, the lactating breast, and the breast during pregnancy?

A

inactive breast: no secretory component and abundant intralobular stroma

lactating breast: dilation of alveoli, basophilic secretory cells; there are virtually no intralobular stroma

pregnancy: end buds→alveoli→stroma accumulates immune cells

41
Q

name three cell types of the breast that contribute to lactation and describe their roles

A
  • duct epithelial cells: dilated with milk
  • myoepithelial cells: contract to expulse milk
  • secretory cells: line alveoli and synthesize milk
42
Q

what is the medical importance of the terminal duct lobular unit?

A

most breast cancers orginate from TDLU

43
Q
A

GER UNIT 8 (3 decks)

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