Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GER UNIT 8 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how are endocrine glands histologically different from exocrine glands?

A
  • they do not have ducts
  • they are highly vascularized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

compare the embryonic origin and major cell types of the anterior and posterior pituitary

A
  • anterior: from oral ectoderm; has chromophils and chromophobes
  • posterior: from neural ectoderm; has neurons (axons) and pituicytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what hormones are produced by the acidophilic chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • GH
  • Prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what hormones are produced by the basophilic chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the histologic features of steroid-producing cells?

A
  • appear foamy (esp. zona fasiculata)
  • spherical mitochondria with tubular cristae
  • abundant smooth ER (cholesterol synthesis)
  • central nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which cells of the adrenal gland react with silver salts?

A

the chromaffin cells of the medulla (which produce catecholamines) react with silver salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the cell types and corresponding hormones in the islets of langerhans

A
  • a: glucagon
  • ß: insulin
  • d: somatostatin
  • F/PP: pancreatic polypeptide (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the major secretory produce of the thyroid follicular cells?

A

thyroid hormones: T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid?

A

calcitonin production (inhibits bone resorption and promotes calcification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the physiologic effects of the hormone produced by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland?

A

PTH

  • increases blood Ca2+
  • increases kidney excretiong of Ca2+
  • increases Vitamin D synthesis
  • increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what hormones are produced by adipose tissue?

A
  • leptin: appetite and metabolism
  • adiponectin: FA and glucose metabolism; sensitivity to insulin
  • steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 4 histological layers of the ovary?

A
  1. germinal epithelium
  2. tunica albuginea
  3. cortex
  4. medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what cell types make up an ovarian follicle?

A

oocyte and follicular epithelium made of follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what hormone initiates follicle growth?

A
  • FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what hormone sustains follicle growth by promoting follicular cell/granulosa cell proliferation?

A

esotrogen drives cell mitosis (proliferation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what structure separates the primary oocyte from the granulosa?

A

zona pellucida

  • promotes perm association and activation during fertilization
  • primary oocyte and granulosa cells communicates via filopodia and gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what histological features distinguish a large, viable follicle from a large, atretic follicle?

A
  • healthy: cuboidal cell nuclei, cells attached to follicle wall
  • atretic: pyknotic nuclei, cells slough off into antrum, corpus fibrosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what cells ovarian cells produce estrogen

A

follicular cells

19
Q

what are the histological feature of luteinized granulosa cells?

A

large, pale eosinophilic cells with foamy cytoplasm (steroid hormone-producing)

20
Q

name 3 steroid hormone-producing structures found in the ovary

A
  • follicular cells
  • luteinized thecal cells
  • luteinized granulosa cells
21
Q

how do the histological features of the oviduct mucosal epithelium relate to its function?

A

ciliated cells: sweep oocyte complex/embryo→ uterus

secretory cells: secretions nourish and protect gametes/embryos

22
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy life-threatening for the mother?

A

placenta erodes large blood vessels, growing embryo ruptures oviduct→lethal hemorrhages

23
Q

what are the histological features of primordial follicles?

A

central oocyte with simple squamous epithelium

24
Q

what are the histological features of unilaminar primary follicles?

A

central oocyte with simple cuboidal epithelium

25
what are the histological features of multilaminar primary follicles?
central oocyte with stratified cuboidal epithelium
26
what are the histological features of secondary follicles?
central or acentral oocyte with stratified cuboidal epithelium and one or more fluid-filled spaces
27
what are the histological features of mature follicles?
dominant secondary follicle, produces visible bulge from the surface of the ovary
28
what are the histological features of large atretic follicles?
* stratified cuboidal epithelium and one or more fluid-filled spaces * has cells with pyknotic nuclei sloughed into spaces * oocyte may or may not be present
29
describe late menstrual phase endometrium
* **no surface epithelium** * thin layer of stroma containing short glands
30
describe proliferative phase endometrium
* thick layer of stroma covered by surface epithelium * contains long, straight glands with narrow lumens
31
describe secretory phase endometrium
* thick layer of stroma covered by surface epithelium * contains long, coiled glands with wide lumens
32
describe cervical mucosa
* thick stroma covered by surface epithelium * contains long, branched, non-coiled glands with wide lumens
33
waht structural feature of the functional layer leads to its shedding during the menstrual phase?
spiral arteries (basal layer is not shed because it has straight arteries)
34
what features of the secretory phase endometrium make it a favorable environment for recieving and sustaining a developing embryo?
* progesterone→secretory cells secrete uterine milk * lacunae develop and fill with blood
35
what is endometriosis?
colonization of endometrial stroma and parenchymal cells outside uterus because sloughed endometrium passes retrograde through oviducts→peritoneal cavity
36
what are leiomyomas?
fibroids, benign smooth muscle tumors in myometrium; happens in 1/4 of women
37
what histological features of the cervical glands would allow you to distinguid them from uterine glands in endometrium?
long, non-coiled branching tubular glands with wide lumens
38
what are the sources of nabothian cysts?
occlusion of cervical gland ducts
39
what are the sources of chocolate cysts?
accumulated blood due to endometriosis under tunica albuginea
40
describe the parenchyma and strma of the inactive breast, the lactating breast, and the breast during pregnancy?
**inactive breast:** no secretory component and abundant intralobular stroma **lactating breast:** dilation of alveoli, basophilic secretory cells; there are virtually no intralobular stroma **pregnancy:** end buds→alveoli→stroma accumulates immune cells
41
name three cell types of the breast that contribute to lactation and describe their roles
* **duct epithelial cells:** dilated with milk * **myoepithelial cells:** contract to expulse milk * **secretory cells:** line alveoli and synthesize milk
42
what is the medical importance of the terminal duct lobular unit?
most breast cancers orginate from TDLU
43

GER UNIT 8 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions