Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine Midterm > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q 
What system is described?
The hypothalamus (floor of diencephalon & forming part of the walls of the third ventricle) consists of clusters of neurons that secrete hormones
A

Neuroendocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The hypophysis (pituitary) is divided by the third ventricle into what two symmetric structures?

A

Adenohypophysis (anterior)

Neurohypophysis (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What overall system consists of these 2 components?

  • hypothalamic adenohypophysiial system
  • hypothalamic neurohypophysial system
A

Hypothalamohypophysial system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior hypophysis? What about the posterior hypophysis?

A

hypothalamic adenohypophysial system (anterior)

hypothalamic neurohypophysial system (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The adenohypophysis consists of the pars ______ which secretes hormones.

The neurohypophysis consists of the pars ______, which stores hormones.

A

distalis

nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rathke’s pouch formation:

  1. The infundibulum (a diverticulum) develops in the floor of the _________ and grows towards the stomodeum.
  2. An ectodermal region in the roof of the stomodeum invaginates to form a diverticulum called Rathke’s pouch
  3. Rathke’s pouch elongates towards the diverticulum
  4. The infundibulum descends to elongate Rathke’s pouch
  5. The regressing stalk of Rathke’s pouch can leave residual tissue, which may form a tumor called a ____________________
A
  1. diencephalon

5. craniopharyngioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The anterior lobe/adenohypophysis
is developed from what embryological structure?

What kind of embryonic tissue is this structure?

A

Rathke’s pouch

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The posterior lobe/neurohypophysis
is developed from what embryological structure?

What kind of embryonic tissue is this structure?

A

Infundibulum of the diencephalon

Neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypothalamohypophysial portal circulation:
Superior hypophyseal a.–>
Primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system–>
Hypophyseal portal vv.–>
_____ _______ of hypophyseal portal system (supplies the anterior pituitary!)–>
Hypophyseal vv.–>
Systemic vv.

A

Secondary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TQ

T/F: There is a direct arterial blood supply to the anterior hypophysis

A

FALSE

There is no direct bloody supply to the anterior hypophysis!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What receives secretions from endocrine cells of the anterior hypophysis/pars distalis

A

Secondary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What supplies the neurohypophysis/pars nervosa and collects secretions from neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus?

A

Third capillary plexus (from the interior hypophysial a.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main difference between the blood supplies of the anterior hypophysis and posterior hypophysis?

A

The posterior pituitary is for storage and has a direct blood supply whereas the anterior pituitary has indirect blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The pars distalis sits in what structure and is therefore hard to reach during surgery?

A

Sella turcica of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is being described?

  • Cords of epithelial cells
  • Minimal connective tissue
  • Fenestrated capillaries/sinusoids are part of secondary capillary plexus
  • no blood brain barrier (promotes leakage :) )
A

Pars distalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which cell of the pars distalis is being described?

  • SRH/GHRH stimulates the pituitary to secrete growth hormone (somatotropin)
  • Somatotropin/GH stimulates hepatocytes to produce IGF-1, which leads to growth of bone & soft tissue
  • Ghrelin from stomach ensures that we have enough E to grow and stimulates somatotropin/GH as well
  • Somatostatin inhibits GH
A

Acidophils/Somatotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What disorder of growth hormone secretion is described?

  • excessive production of growth hormone beginning in CHILDHOOD
  • Due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or GH-secreting tumor in pituitary (adenoma)
  • Skeletal growth as well as internal organs
  • Sig. problems with blood glucose
  • Death due to heart dz or diabetes
A

Pituitary gigantism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What disorder of growth hormone secretion is described?

  • Excessive ADULT production o GH
  • Growth of face (prognathism), hands, & feet
  • Increase in viscera
  • Overprod. of glucose–>diabetes
  • May be due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or GH-secreting tumor in pituitary (adenoma)

What is the treatment?

A

Dx: Acromegaly
Tx: surgery, radiation, GH-Receptor Antag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What disorder of growth hormone secretion is described?

  • Growth retardation resulting in abnormally short adult stature
  • Caused by hereditary and metabolic disorders leading to insufficient growth hormone
  • Problem can be in hypothalamus (no signal) or pituitary (no/decr. response)
  • May also be from inadequate nutrition in early life

What is the treatment?

A

Dx: Pituitary dwarfism
Tx: Growth hormone injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Varieties of hereditary dwarfism:

  • _____________ (normal trunk size, short limbs, large head)
  • Hypochondroplasia (similar but normal head size)
  • Diastrophic dwarfism (progressive, crippling, skeletal deformities)
A

Achondroplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which cell of the pars distalis is being described?

  • Mammotrophs
  • Secretes prolactin, which stimulates initiation and maintenance of milk production
A

Acidophils/lactotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TQ

How is prolactin secretion controlled in acidophils/lactotrophs?

A

Through inhibition via dopamine! Unlike other hormones of the ant. hypophysis, the secretion of prolactin is regulated by inhibition rather than stimulation.

Note: Dopamine is the primary prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF/PIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is secretion of prolactin secretion stimulated in acidophils/lactotrophs?

A

Mainly by suckling during lactation

Also: PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does prolactin act as a birth control?

A

Inhibits pulsatile secretion of GnRH, which leads to the suppression of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH ( ovulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dx?

  • Women presents with inability to become pregnant caused by lack of ovulation and oligomenorrhea (light period) or amenorrhea (no period)
  • Men presents with decrease in fertility and libido
  • Either gender may experience galactorrhea
  • Reversible
A

Prolactin-secreting tumors–>hyperprolactinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The two hormones released by acidophils are growth hormone and prolactin. What are the 4 hormones released by basophils?

A

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which cell of the pars distalis is being described?

  • Produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and liptrophic hormone (LPH)
  • Derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
  • Products of POMC: ACTH stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex & LPH stimulates lipid mobilization in mammals (NOT humans)
A

Basophils/corticotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which cell of the pars distalis is being described?

-Produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to GnRH from hypothalamus

A

Gonadotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What hormone produced by gonadotrophs stimulates ovarian follicle development/estrogen secretion or production of androgen binding protein by SERTOLI cells

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What hormone produced by gonadotrophs causes ovulation and corpus luteum formation or production of testosterone by interstitial (LEYDIG) cells

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The release of FSH and GnRH is inhibited by estradiol & ______, secreted by the male & female target cells (sertoli cells and granulosa cells)

A

inhibin—>decr. follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The release of FSH in both females and males is enhanced by _______secreted by Sertoli cells and granulosa cells

A

activin–>incr. follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which cell of the pars distalis is being described?

  • Produce thyroid simulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
  • stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize, store, & release thyroid hormones
A

Thyrotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What hormone allows release of TSH from thyrotrophs?

What hormone inhibits?

A

TRH–>release

Inhibit via negative feedback suppression by CNS based on amount of circulating thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pars __________:

  • Cords of basophilic cells and colloid-filled follicles
  • Synthesize proopiomelanocortin
  • alpha and beta melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulates melanin production
  • Secretion causes darkening of skin in fish, amphibians, and reptiles as granules of melanin spread through melanophores!
A

intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is being described?

  • Contains no secretory cells
  • Unmyelinated axons of secretory neurons of the hypothalamus (paraventricular, supraoptic)
  • Hormone storage and release
A

Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

TQ
Axons end in the pars nervosa and form large, fusiform swellings called ______ _______, filled with secretory product.

They are surrounded by specialized glial-like cells called ________

A

Herring bodies

Pituicytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hormones moved from the hypothalamus via hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract with ________.

Unmyelinated axons are located in the infundibulum

A

neurophysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which hormone produced by the paraventricular nuclei of the neurohypophysis stimulates uterine contraction and stimulates milk ejection?

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which hormone produced by the supraoptic nuclei of the neurohypophysis increases water permeability of kidney tubules to decrease urine output and increase BP

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Dx?

  • Mass effects
  • Hormone over/underproduction
  • Hemorrhage/apoplexy
A

Pituitary adenoma

42
Q

Dx?
>10 mm (1 cm)
-May grow superiorly into suprasellar region and impinge the optic chiasm to create bitemporal hemianopsia
-Tumor may also erode the sella turcica
-Increases intracranial pressure (w/ HA, N/V)
-Tx: trans-sphenoidal surgery

A

Pituitary macroadenoma

43
Q

The pineal gland is also known as what two names?

A

epiphysis cerebri

pineal body

44
Q

Where is the pineal gland found?

A

posterior extremity of the 3rd ventricle and attached to the diencephalon by the pineal stalk

45
Q

TQ What is the innervation to the pineal gland? Why is this important?

A

Postganglionic sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion

This allows the circadian clock to match the light of day

46
Q

What are the most common cell type of the pineal gland?

  • Arranged in clumps and cords w/in lobules
  • Neuronal-like cells w/ large, irregular, nuclei
A

Pinealocytes

Notes: Sympathetic nerve fibers from the superior cervical ganglia enter the pineal gland with the blood vessels supplying the brain. When the nerve fibers enter the gland, the myelin sheath is lost and the bare axons are seen throughout the pinealocytes

47
Q

What is brain sand? Why is this important?

A

Corpora arenacea are radiopaque & are a useful landmark for radiologists since the pineal gland is midline

48
Q

Light signals are sent to the hypothalamus by the retinohypothalamic tract. Information from the superior cervical ganglion is conducted by postganglionic sympathetic fibers into the pineal gland. In this way, darkness stimulates the production of what?

A

melatonin

49
Q

Melatonin acts on both the hypothalamus and anterior hypophysis to inhibit the secretion of what? (2)

A

gonadotropin and growth hormone

50
Q

Individuals with tumors of the pineal gland may experience what effect?

A

precocious puberty

51
Q
  • Synthesis and secretion of melatonin is affected by light exposure to the eyes.
  • Serum concentrations of melatonin are low during the daylight hours & peak during the dark.
  • Therefore, the duration melatonin secretion each day is proportional to the length of the night.
  • In this way, melatonin helps to establish what within the body?
A

circadian rhythm

52
Q

T/F: Melatonin is probably not a major regulatory of normal sleep patterns, but has some effect

A

TRUE

Has been used alone or in combo with phototherapy

Some indication that melatonin levels are lower in elderly insomniacs relative to age matched non-insomniacs, in which melatonin therapy helps

53
Q

Dx?

  • Experience depressive symptoms in the winter
  • N or S of 30 degrees
  • Depression, lack of energy, increased need for sleep, craving for sweets, weight gain
  • Symptoms begin in fall, peak in winter, resolve in spring
A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or winter depression

54
Q

T/F: There is no direct evidence for pineal effects in humans, but in seasonally breed animals the pineal mediates the responses of the reproductive system to changes in day length

A

TRUE!

Ex: In deer, decr light in fall–>incr fertility and breeding

55
Q

Melatonin is a gonadosuppressive hormone. Why?

A
  • Pineal gland hormonally regulates gonad development by suppressing the activity of cells that produce gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus
  • No GNRH, no gonadotropins, no fully fx gonads

Ex: Melatonin is high in young boys but decreases at puberty

56
Q

Pineal abnormalities causing decreased secretion of melatonin will cause what?

A

Early onset of puberty

Note: vs tumors that stimulate secretion of pineal hormones and retard gonadal development/ delay puberty

57
Q

Formation of the thyroid gland:

  • __________ mass of cells invaginates into underlying mesoderm to create the thyroid diverticulum (b/t ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of the tongue)
  • The diverticulum grows inferiorly between skeletal elements of 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arches
  • Migrates to a position ant. and above the trachea
A

Endodermal

58
Q

Each lobe of the thyroid gland consists of follicles filled with colloid. Therefore, where does the thyroid store its products?

A

extracellularly as thyroglobulin (TGB)

59
Q

How do we regulate the thyroid?

A

The follicular epithelium has receptors for TSH from the ant. pituitary

Brain/hypothalamus-->
TRH-->
Ant. pituitary-->
TSH-->
Thyroid-->
Thyroid hormones (feedback inhib)

This controls both synthesis (exocrine) and secretion (endocrine) of hormones

60
Q

Synthesis in the thyroid:
Uptake of aa & iodide into cell–>
Thyroglobulin (TGB) synthesis on RER–>
Addition of iodine to tyrosine residues of TGB by _____ _____, released into lumen by exocytosis (inhib by anti-thyroid drugs)

A

tyrosine peroxidase

61
Q

TQ
Secretion (endocrine) in the thyroid:
TSH stimulates endocytosis & digestion of colloid–>
Colloid droplets fuse w/ lysosomes–>
Digestive enzymes breakdown TGB, releasing ___, ___, & _____–>
Products diffuse through membrane into capillary–>
Capillary transport by ______-____ protein

A

T3 (Triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), & iodine

thyroxine-binding protein

62
Q

What happens if you have low blood levels of T3 and T4?

A 
Hypothalamus releases TRH-->
Pituitary releases TSH-->
Thyroid releases T4 and T3-->
Combines with thyroid binding proteins from the liver-->
Form hormones!

This then inhibits the pituitary from releasing more TSH.

63
Q

What are the 4 functions of thyroid hormone?

A
  1. Stimulates basic metabolic rate
  2. Augments thermogenesis
  3. Augments glucose production
  4. Required for normal development of CNS
64
Q

Causes of the following?

  • Increased metabolic rate
  • Weight loss
  • Heat intolerance
A

Hyperthyroidism (excessive TSH) by:

  • Excessive stimulation by adenohypophysis
  • Loss of feedback control by thyroid gland (Graves)
  • Ingestion of T4 (for wt loss)
65
Q

TQ
Dx?
-Autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies to TSH receptors on follicular epithelium
-Antibodies bind and chronically stimulate–>too much thyroid hormone
-Exopthalamos: collagen deposition behind the eye (orbital fat TSHR-R)
-Tx: surgical removal, radioactive iodine
-Post-Tx regimen requires thyroid hormones

A

Graves’ disease

66
Q

Causes of the following?

  • Insuff production of thyroid homrone
  • low metabolic rate, feeling of being cold, wt gain
A

Hypothyroidism (not enough TSH):

  • Decreased iodine intake
  • Loss of pituitary stimulation
  • Post-therapeutic/destruction of thyroid by immune system
67
Q

TQ
Dx?
-Autoimmune dz assoc with hypofunction of thyroid gland
-Autoantibodies (antimicrosomal Ab) to thyroid peroxidase & thyroglobulin
-Tx: Oral thyroid meds

A

Hashimoto’s dz

68
Q

Dx?

  • Vary in size and may involve all or some of the glands/lobes
  • Endemic or sporadic
  • Endemic caused by iodine def
  • Pituitary releases more TSH but gland cannot respond
  • Avoided by adding iodine to diet
  • Tx=surgery
A

Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland

Note: multinodular goiter if many nodules involved

69
Q

Dx?

  • Severely stunted physical & mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones
  • Endemic, genetic, or sporadic
  • Sporadic and genetic forms result from abnormal development or fx of the fetal thyroid gland. Almost eliminated by newborn screening programs + lifelong thyroid hormone tx.
A

Congenital hypothyroidism

70
Q

Dx?

  • Poor length growth and bone maturation and puberty severely delayed
  • Ovulation impeded and infertility common
  • Neuro impairment mild to reduced muscle tone and coordination to cannot stand/walk
  • Cognitive impairment mild to severe (nonverbal and dependent on others)
  • Tx: salt
A

Congential hypothyroidism

71
Q

What are C cells? What do they contain?

A

Parafollicular cells in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid that contain small granules of calcitonin

72
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • Decreases calcium concentration by inhibiting bone resorption
  • Binds to receptor on osteoclast
  • Hypercalcemia: high Ca stimulates calcitonin
73
Q

The parathyroid glands originate from endoderm of the 3rd & 4th pouch. The position of the glands reverses during development. Therefore, the pair of glands that is ultimately inferior develops from the _____ pouch, and the pair of glands that is ultimately superior develops from the _____ pouch.

A

3rd

4th

74
Q

What are the two cell populations supplied by sinusoidal capillaries?

Cells are arranged in cordlike or follicular-like clusters

A
  • Chief/principal cell (more numerous)

- Oxyphil/acidophilic cell

75
Q

Chief (principal) cells secrete what hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

76
Q

TQ

T/F: The parathryoid gland is the only endocrine gland with adipose tissue

A

TRUE

77
Q

How is parathyroid hormone regulated?

A

Ca binds to extracellular region of Ca-sending receptor (CaSR) on a chief cell–>
Intracellular G protein signals suppress PTH secretion–>
Decr in Ca–>
PTH secretion stimulated–>
Incr Ca

78
Q

PTH acts on:

  • osteoblasts/osteoclasts to promote osteoclast activity
  • renal tubules to stimulate resorption of calcium
  • Controls rate of Ca uptake in GI tract by regulating production of Vit D (kidneys)

(Vit D stimulates cells of intestinal mucosa to absorb Ca and synthesize _______ (carrier protein))

A

osteoblasts!!

calbindin

79
Q
  • Blood calcium is low but bone calcium not released

- Results in spontaneous depolarization of neurons & muscle fibers resulting in tetany

A

Hypoparathyroidism (def in PTH)

80
Q
  • High blood calcium levels
  • Bone loss–>osteomalacia and osteitis fibrosa cystica
  • Causes abnormal calcium deposition in aa. and kidneys
A

Hyperparathyroidism

81
Q

Pancreas development:

  • Week 4: two endodermal outpockets of duodenum develop ventral and dorsal pancreas
  • _______ pancreas forms the head of the pancreas and associates with common bile duct, while the other forms body and tail
  • Week 12: pancreatic acini develop from ducts
  • Wks 12-16: Endocrine cells observed on exocrine acini
A

Ventral

82
Q

What are the 2 portions of the pancreas?

A
  • Exocrine (acini that synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes through a duct into duodenum)
  • Endocrine (islets of Langerhans)
83
Q

What forms the islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Endocrine cells A, B, D, and F

- Vascular component (insuloacinar portal system that enables local action of insular hormone on the exocrine pancreas)

84
Q

T/F: The pancreas has a dual blood supply? If so, what is it?

A

TRUE!

  • Insuloacinar portal system–>islets of Langerhans
  • Acinar vascular system–>pancreatic acini
85
Q

TQ
What is the following pancreatic hormone produced by and function as?

Glucagon

A

Alpha cells

Increases glucose blood levels

86
Q

TQ
What is the following pancreatic hormone produced by and function as?

Insulin

A

Beta cells

Increases transport of glucose into cells & decreases blood glucose levels

87
Q

TQ
What is the following pancreatic hormone produced by and function as?

Somatostatin

A

Delta cells

Inhibits release of insulin & glucagon, & the secretion of HCl by parietal cells

88
Q

TQ
What is the following pancreatic hormone produced by and function as?

Gastrin

A

Delta cells

Stimulates production of HCl by parietal cells in the stomach

89
Q

TQ
What is the following pancreatic hormone produced by and function as?

Pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cells

Inhibits the secretion of somatostatin & the secretion of pancreatic enzymes

90
Q

The adrenal cortex is of __________ origin and produces steroid hormones

The adrenal medulla is of ____________ origin and produces ____________

A

The adrenal cortex is of mesodermal origin and produces steroid hormones

The adrenal medulla is of neuroectodermic origin and produces catecholamines

91
Q

What are the 3 zona’s of the adrenal gland?

outside–>inside

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

92
Q

TQ

The adrenal medulla has a _____ blood supply through the long cortical aa. as well as sinusoids from cortex

A

direct

93
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce in response to angiotensin II and ACTH?

A

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Involved in electrolyte (Na and K) & water balance

94
Q

TQ
What does the zona fasciulata secrete? (2)
What do the cells look like?

A

Glucocorticoids and androgens

Cells have many lipid droplets so looks vacuolated (foamy)

Also called spongicytes

95
Q

TQ
What does the zona fasciculata secrete? (2)
What does it regulate?

A

Stress hormones!:
-Glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone

Regulates: carb, protein, fat metab

  • Liver: promotes uptake of FA, AA, and carbs
  • Catabolic effect
  • May suppress immune system (decr lymphocytes)
96
Q

How does the zona reticularis differ from the zona fasciculata?

A

The zona reticularis secretes mostly androgens (little glucocorticoids), while zona fasciculate produces both.

97
Q

Which cells of the adrenal medulla are described?

  • polyhedral cells in cords/clumps
  • sympathetic postganglionic neurons
  • lost axons & dendrites during embryonic devel–>secretory cells
  • secrete granules of epi or nor-epi
A

chromaffin cells

silver stain

98
Q

What is described?

  • Secreted in response to intense emotional reactions
  • defensive reaction to stress
  • incr HR
  • Dilates blood vessels to cardiac & skeletal m.
  • Bronchiole dilation
  • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to GI
A

Catecholamines

99
Q

Dx?

  • Benign tumor of chromaffin cells
  • Episodic secretion of epinephrine and nor-epi
  • sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity (incr HR, BP, palpitations, diaphoresis, anxiety, HA, nausea, pallor)
  • Life threatining HTN and cardiac arrhythmias
A

Pheochromocytoma

100
Q

What can the infamous feud in American folklore b/t the Hatfields and Mccoys be explained by?

Hint: leads to rage and violent outbursts

A

von hippel-lindau

3/4 of the Mccoys had pheochromocytomas (adrenal gland tumors)

Endocrine Midterm (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions