HISTOLOGY 2nd SEM Flashcards
Lip (HE):
the vermillion zone; transition area from keratinized (cutaneous) to n.k (mucous part: has labial glands) under which are blood vessels. This is what gives our lips its red appearance. Has 2 layers: lamina epithialis mucosa & lamina propria mucosa
add : orbicularis oris muscle that works as sphincter around mouth
layers of keratinized epithelium: stratum polygonale, granulosum,lucidum,coreum
Dorsum of tongue (HE)
has different papillae; 2 main ones i.filliform:small, most numerous ones and provides greater rough surface area for manipulation of food
ii.fungiform: spread between the filliform.
*Lingual aponeurosis: where epithelium of this rests, its a dense layer of CT
*containes striated muscle helps in formation of speech and food processing
Vallate papillae (HE):
the epithelium(NK stratified squamous) contains taste buds that contain epithialy derived taste receptor cells: substentacular cells
*There are also Ebners glands; purely serous with serous secretory & excretory portions
*has striated muscle
Root of tongue (HE):non-keratinized stratified squamos epithelium-pure mucous gland
crypts
tonsillar epithelium:
infiltrating lymphocytes
lymphoreticular tissue
lymphoid follicle
striated muscle
Parotid gland (HE): serous glands arranged in acini (dark purple). Purely serous meaning it secretes watery secretions rich in proteins
*has lobular system of intercalated tubule, striated and interlobular ducts
*has adipocytes and peripheral nerves
shaped like a lungs lol
Submandibular gland (HE): divided into lobules by septa. And mixed gland(mainly serous) so has lighter and dark purple. So has serous acinus and mixed acinus : mucous cells w/ serous/Giannuzi demilunes
*excretory duct system: in lobes- intercalated & striated ducts / between lobes-interlobular
post. aspect of mandible and makes up floor of oral cavity
Sublingual gland (HE): mixed gland but more pale hence more mucous gland with serous acini: serous cells with demilunes
*excretory duct system
looks like a tongue (lingua)
Esophagus (HE):
(i.tunica) mucosa:
① Lamina Epithelialis Mucosae (Stratified Squamous non-keratinized epithelium)
i.Stratum Plano Cellulare ( mostly squamous )
ii.Stratum Polygonale / Spinusum
iii. Stratum Basale
② Lamina propria mucosa (connective tissue)
③ Lamina muscularis Mucosae
(ii.tunica) submucosa: has proper esophageal glands(secrete mucin 4 lubrication) & has submucosal/Meissner’s plexus
iii.muscular coat-differs; up.3rd has striated muscle & middle has striated and smooth muscle& lower only smooth muscle. Also contains Auerbach’s plexus
iv. tunica adventitia-cervical region but abdominal region has serosa.
the esophageal-cardia junction IS NOT HERE
looks like a wave with thick muscular coat
Stomach: cardia (HE):
abrupt change in epithelium due to esophageal-cardial junction from NK stratified squamous to simple columnar
& mucous membrane has an epithellium that forms villous folds and creates many gastric pits to increase s.a and lamina propria mucosae has cardiac glands
*submucosa-meissner plexus
*muscular coate: in. circular & out.longitudinal and between them Auerbach’s plexus
*tunica subserosa
*tunica serosa : with lamina propria & epithialis serosae
its the first part of the stomach
Stomach: body/fundus (HE):epithelium forms villous folds that creates gastric pits. This layer has gastric glands with 3 parts : pits, neck(has parietal cells) & base (chief cells)
*t.submucosa: meissner plexus
*muscular coat: 2 muscle layer + Auerbach’s plexus
*t.adventitia: CT
waves caused by submucosa they are called rugae / looks like a snake
Stomach: pylorus (HE)
we notice the pyloric sphincter(circular smooth muscle) controls pyloric orifice
*epithelium forms villous folds that creates gastric pits. This layer has pyloric glands with 3 parts : pits, neck(has parietal cells) & base (chief cells)
*t.submucosa: meissner plexus
*muscular coat: 2 muscle layer + Auerbach’s plexus
*t.adventitia: CT
*the duodenum part has intestinal glands(have goblet cells) & duodenal/Brunner’s gland (produce alkaline mucous to protect duodenum from acidic content of chyme)
outflow section of stomach into duodenum
Duodenum (HE): hollow organ so it has lumen
*t. mucosa: epithelial is lined by intestinal villi that extend down to form Lieberkuhn’s crypt. Intestinal villi have intraepithelial lymphocytes and made of **enterocytes (simple columnar epithelial cells). Has goblet cells that secrete mucin & has intestinal glands that have paneth cells meant to produce dense granules to defend against microbes
*t.submucosa: dudodenal/Brunners** gland:secretes alkaline fluid
*t.muscularis
*t.serosa/adventitia
Jejunum (HE): same as duodenum but NO BRUNNERS GLAND
*t. mucosa: epithelial is lined by intestinal villi that extend down to form Lieberkuhn’s crypt. Intestinal villi have intraepithelial lymphocytes and made of enterocytes (simple columnar epithelial cells). Has goblet cells that secrete mucin & has intestinal glands that have paneth cells meant to produce dense granules to defend against micrbes
*t.submucosa: NOOOOO dudodenal/Brunners gland
*t.muscularis
*t.serosa
on dirait des algaes
Jejunum (PAS + H):
periodic acid schiff is used to detect polypetided found in goblet cells which stain with bright magenta & cell nuclei are blue form H
Ileum (HE): it’s submucosa contains Peyers Patches: group of lymphoid foolicles that pick up antigens from intestinal lumen & transport to the APC. They also have a germinal center where B cells proliferate
and mucosa has intestinal glands with paneth cells
*rest is same as duodeum
luminated & peyers patches look like bricks
Large intestine (HE):
lacks villi instead has circular folds
*t.mucosa: lamina propria has follicles
rest same as small intestine
dont mistake with fundus-corpus here muscular coat is bigger
Vermiform process (HE):
tunica mucosa: no villi/intestinal glands, paneth cells,crypts of leiberkuhn with goblet cells
tunica submucosa: aggregated lymphoid follicles that make complete rings
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa: mesothelium produces lubricating fluid
lumen ressemble a un chapeau de lutin lol
Anal canal (HE):
3 zones with 3 different epithelium:
i.zona columnaris: has intestinal glands with goblet cells
ii.zona intermedia: nk stra. squamous/ contains plexus of wide veins and has internal anal sphincter muscle
iii.zona cutanea: keratinized…etc/ has numerous glands : merocrine (secretion is in granules & released by exocytosis), holocrine (secretes SUBUM with remnants of dead cells),apocrine gland (secretes viscous sub. with proteins & fatty acids). contains external anal sphincter as well
on dirait a bent knee krkrk
Liver (HE): spongy appearance due to arrangements of hepatocytes in lobules dived by septa. lobule has hepatic sinuses space of material exchange between blood & space of Disse. Also a C.V at the center that receives blood from sinus and drained by sublobular vein
At angles of lobules are portal triad: with interlobular A, V and bile duct
*drainage:
(1)from GI tract drains to hepatic portal V
(2) Then to portal venule of hepatic lobule
(3) This drains to hepatic sinusoid
(4) Then to central V
looks like an ear lol, an exocrine gland filters stuff mainly
Liver (silver staining) : used to detect reticular fibers found in the Disse space
Liver-Kupffer cell (pigment ink + HE) : pigment ink is used to stain Kupper cells in green which are sinusoidal macrophages
*hepatocytes
*hepatic sinus
*CV
Gallbladder (HE) : large lumen wih thinner tunicas
t.mucosa: higly folded/ anastomosing folds
*t.muscularis: irregular network of smooth muscle fibers traversed by elastic fibers & CT septa
*t.serosa:
(1) Mesothelium
① Simple squamous epithelium
(2) Lamina propria serosa
① Thin CT sublayer
*t.adventitia:
(1) Region is not enveloped by peritoneum
(2) Outermost layer is loose CT
stores bile and makes sec. bile
Pancreas (HE): mixed glands so has dark(exocrine) & paler(endocrine) part
(1) Predominantly exocrine gland: purely serous acini that contain polarized epithelial cells & at center centro-aciner cell (non-functional central cells of interlobular ducts). Also has excretory duct system:intercalated tubule ,intralobular duct,interlobular duct
(2) Endocrine part consist of pancreatic islets which are highly vascularized with Betacells that secrete insulin & glucagon made by alpha cells
Kidney (HE):
2 areas:
-renal caclyx&pelvis at bottom
-cortex-darker
medulla-paler and between them arcutae vein & artery
check own notes 4 more
weird smile @ bottom
Ureter (HE):
mucosa:has urothelium which is a transitional epithellium made of umbrella cells(form luminal surface & aid in urinary flow regulation), pear-shaped cells(contribute to epithelial barrier) and basal cells(essential 4 epithelial renewal & repair). & lamina propria ( CT providing support and house blood vessels)
*musclar coat: inner-longi & outer-circular; help properl urine by peristaltic movements
*adventitia: fibrous CT that anchors ureters to surrounding structures
paired muscular tube that transport urine by peristalsis from kidney to bladder
Urinary bladder (HE): muscular sac stores urine to make it voluntary and infrequent
mucosa:has urothelium which is a transitional epithellium made of umbrella cells(form luminal surface & aid in urinary flow regulation), pear-shaped cells(contribute to epithelial barrier) and basal cells(essential 4 epithelial renewal & repair). & lamina propria ( CT providing support and house blood vessels)
*musclar coat: inner-longi & outer-circular; help properl urine by peristaltic movements
*adventitia: fibrous CT that anchors ureters to surrounding structures
may also contain autonomic ganglionic cells
looks like a flat tire/
Penis (HE):
3 erectile bodies or spongy urethra
*@core deep fascia of penis with deep dorsal vein, dorsal artery and nerve of penis
*paired bodies-corpora carvenosa surrounded by tunica albuginea.The bodies are made of trabeculae & cavarnae that interwine to facilitated blood flow & engorgement during rection. deep artery and cavernous n. course these bodies.
*corpus spongisum: own tunica albuginea, houses spongy urethra, to allow passage of semen & urine during ejaculation. Also has Littres’ gland which contribute to lubrication & protection of urethra
Ovary (HE):
has 2 corpus lutem & medulla with vessels
*check own notes
Uterine tube (HE): has mucosal folds that look like tree branches
*mucosa:has ciliated ( helps movement of oocytes towards uterus) & secretory (Secrete substances that activate spermatozoa
)cells. also mucosal folds that branch out. might find peg cells(Inactive secretory cells that bulge out of epithelial lining)
*lamina propria
*muscular coat
*subserosa-anchoring & support
*serosa-covers it hence lubricated & smooth surface
Uterus (HE):
s-endometrium & l-myometrium
Endometrium
(1) Contains cell-rich CT with few fibers
(2) simple columnar epithelium
① contains ciliated epithelial cell & secretory cells
② invaginates to form tubular uterine glands
(3) can be divided into 2 layers
① functional layer
A. undergoes cyclic changes
B. simple tubular glands
C. contains helical arteries
D. Sublayers
(A) stratum compactum
a. dense layer directly beneath epithelium
b. contains neck part of gland
(B) stratum spongiosum
a. deeper sublayer of functional layer
b. spongious texture
② basal layer
A. not shed during menstruation
B. give rise to cyclical regeneration of endometrium
C. contains straight arteries & base of uterine glands
(4) lamina propria
① spinocellular connective tissue
stages of menstruation: menstruation(desquamation,ischemic period & regeneration) , the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.
parts: fundus body cervix
Cervix of uterus (HE) : cut out looks like in dessection & you can see Nabothian cysts
2 parts:
i.supravaginal:epithelial lining has cervical glands that produce mucus to aid in sperm transport & act as barrier 4 pathogens. when dilated Nabothian cysts may form due to blockage of glands, hence mucus accumulates.
ii.vaginal: protudes into upper part. covered by exocervical mucosa - nk stratified squamou
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Testis and epididymis (HE): tunica vaginalis of testis:
visceral layer
tunica albuginea
mediastinum of testis:
rete testis
convoluted seminiferous tubule:
limiting layer / peritubular layer
spermatogenic epithelium / seminiferous epithelium / germinal epithelium:
spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte (very short life-span)
Sertoli cell
spermatid
sperm cell
efferent ductule of testis
duct of epididymis
looks like a hippopotamus
Spermatic cord (HE): ductus deferens / vas deferens:
mucosa / mucous membrane:
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia:
stereociliated epithelial cell / principal cell
basal cell
lamina propria
muscular layer / muscular coat
pampiniform plexus
testicular a.
a. to ductus deferens / deferential a. (if obvious)
cremaster m.
peripheral nerves
Prostate (HE): capsule of prostate
myoelastic stroma / fibromuscular stroma
glandular parenchyma:
mucosal gland
submucosal gland
main gland
prostatic concretion / corpus amylaceum
prostatic urethra:
seminal colliculus:
prostatic utricle
(ejaculary duct)
Seminal vesicle (HE): mucosa / mucous membrane:
anastomozing mucosal folds
simple columnar epithelium:
secretory cell
muscular layer / muscular coat
adventitia or serous membrane
Diencephalon (oxytocin immunohistochemistry + Nissl staining): 3rd ventricle
8
magnocellular nuclei with multipolar neurons
paraventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
hypothalamohypophyseal tract
Hypophysis (HE) : neurohypohysis
pars nervosa
pituicyte
capillaries
adenohypophysis
pars distalis
chromophil cells
acidophil cell
basophil cell
chromophobe cell
pars intermedia (cyst filled with colloid)
capillaries
Pineal gland (HE):pinealocytes / pineal chief cells
brain sand
neuron in the habenula
Thyroid gland (HE): thyroid follicle
follicular epithelium (simple squamous cuboidal/columnar epithelium)
thyrocyte
parafollicular cell / C cell
connective tissue septum
capillaries
Parathyroid gland (HE):
-parenchyma is abundant in chief cells, they appear as polygonal cells & secrete PTH which stimulates release of Ca by bpnes , absorbption of it from food and rentention of it by kidneys
-also has oxyphil cells: larger than chief cells ,
-adipose cells that increase with age and stroma is abundant in capillaries
last time got a slide where it had so many adipocytes
Andrenal gland (HE)
Pancreas (HE): Pancreas (HE): mixed glands so has dark(exocrine) & paler(endocrine) part
(1) Predominantly exocrine gland: purely serous acini that contain polarized epithelial cells & at center centro-aciner cell (non-functional central cells of interlobular ducts). Also has excretory duct system:intercalated tubule ,intralobular duct,interlobular duct
(2) Endocrine part consist of pancreatic islets which are highly vascularized with Betacells that secrete insulin & glucagon made by alpha cells
Corpus luteum (HE):
Corpus luteum
-formed by remnant of Graafian follicle & Granulosa cells differentiate into Granulosa-Lutein cells:large & pale stained
-Theca cells modified into Theca-Lutein cells :small & dark stained
-it’s temporary endocrine gland: secrete estrogen and progesterone to support uterine endometrium
-after ovulation: temporary structure ‘corpus hemorrhagicum’ is formed from Graafian follicle
Corpus Albican/ remnant of degeneration of corpus luteum
-if pregnant: Corpus luteum enlarges & maintained for 3 months
-if not pregnant : Corpus luteum degenerate in 2 weeks after ovulation
-Atretic follicle: it is degenerated follicle
