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CAM202 > HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vermillion border?

A

The transition between stratified squamous keratinised epithelium and non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the lip. Skin to oral mucosa.

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2
Q

What is the epithelium of the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised.

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3
Q

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue has lingual papillae. What are the four types found on the tongue?

A
  1. Filiform Papillae
  2. Fungiform papillae
  3. Circumvallate Papillae
  4. Foliate Papillae
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4
Q

Which lingual papillae contain tastebuds?

A
  1. Circumvallate (1/2 of tastebuds)
  2. Foliate (1/4 tastebuds)
  3. Fungiform (1/4 tastebuds)
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5
Q

Which lingual papillae lack tastebuds?

A
  1. Filiform papillae
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6
Q

Write notes about the filiform papillae

A
  1. most common
  2. Over majority of tongue.
  3. Look white - keratinsed as main function is to provide friction between tongue & food.
  4. Lack tastebuds.
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7
Q

Write notes about the fungiform papillae

A
  1. Found over most of the surface of the tongue
  2. Contain ~1/4 of the tastebuds
  3. very red, non-keratinsed.
  4. Tastebuds supplied by CNVII and CNIX
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8
Q

Write notes about the foliate papillae

A
  1. Bilaterally along posterolateral aspect of tongue
  2. Not abundant in humans
  3. Contain ~1/4 of tastebuds
  4. Supplied by CNVII and CNIX
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9
Q

Write notes about the circumvallate papillae

A
  1. V shaped line of about 9 (4-18) anterior to sulcus terminalis
  2. Contain about 1/2 tastebuds (very large tastebuds in cleft walls of papillae)
  3. Innervated by CNIX
  4. Associated with von Ebners glands (open into cleft)
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10
Q

What are the five modalities of human taste?

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Salt
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami (Monosodium Glutamate)
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11
Q

What is the structure of a taste bud?

A
  1. Epithelial derived.

2. Contain gustatory cells (taste cells), Sustenacular cells (support cells) and basal cells (“stem” cells)

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12
Q

What nerves are responsible for transmitting taste?

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue = CNVII
Posterior 1/3 of tongue = CNIX
Back of throat/posterior to pharynx = CNX

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13
Q

Write notes about von Ebners Glands

A
  1. Exocrine serous glands located on dorsal surface of tongue
  2. Associated with circumvallate papillae (and foliate)
  3. Secrete lingual lipase
  4. Posterior surface of tongue anterior to sulcus terminalis
  5. Von ebners glands are innervated by CNIX
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14
Q

From what embryonic tissues are teeth derived from?

A

Enamel from ectoderm (first branchial arch)

Dentin, cementum & pulp from mesoderm (mesenchyme)

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15
Q

What is the dental lamina?

A

First sign of developing tooth - thickened section of epithelial tissue forming oral ectoderm.

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16
Q

What does each dental lamina give rise too?

A

4 enamel organs.

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17
Q

What is an enamel organ? From what does it arise?

A

Enamel organs arise from dental lamina (4x enamel organs from 1x dental lamina). Each enamel organ gives rise to a decidous tooth and three permanent molars.

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18
Q

Describe the development of a tooth.

A
  1. Dental lamina formation on oral ectoderm (swelling of ectoderm)
  2. Dental lamina forms four enamel organs
  3. Bud stage - tooth bud with clear arrangement of cells
  4. Cap stage - mesenchyme directly associated with the enamel organ condenses against it to form the dental papilla. Enamel organ grows around the dental papilla to look like a tooth. At this point enamel organ –> ameloblasts (enamel) and dental papilla –> odontoblasts –> dentin.
  5. Bell stage - enamel organ now resembles a bell with full differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts which secrete enamel & dentin respectively. Dental lamina disintegrates leaving the tooth completely separate from the oral cavity. Crown takes place.
  6. Tooth eruption (usually after birth) caused by elongation/growth of the tooth.
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19
Q

Define:

  1. Dental lamina
  2. Enamel organ
  3. Dental papilla
  4. Ameloblasts
  5. Odontoblasts
A

Dental lamina = thickening of ectoderm of oral cavity where new teeth will form (x4)
Enamel organ = organised cells from dental lamina which will become a decidous tooth
Dental papilla = mesenchyme condensing next to enamel organ will become dentin, pulp, cemtentin etc.
Ameloblasts = cells of enamel organ lay down tooth enamel
Odontoblasts = dental papilla cells that will lay down dentin of pulp etc.

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20
Q

Write notes on odontoblasts

A
  1. Columnar epithelial cells located on inner side of dentin (in pulp cavity)
  2. Apical processes project through prodentin and becomes in canalicular detinal tubule and projects into the enamel.
  3. Junctional complexes join neighbouring odontoblasts.
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21
Q

What is the difference between dentin & predentin?

A

Predentin = unmineralised dentin (type I collagen)

Dentin - 20% organic (type I collagen) + 80% inorganic (hydroxyapetite and fluroapatite)

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22
Q

Add notes on Ameloblasts

A
  1. Enamel producing cells only present during tooth development.
  2. Polarised columnar cell
  3. Mitochondria and nuclei at base, golgi & RER apically
  4. Apical process = Toomes process –> secretes enamel
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23
Q

What is enamel?

A

99% hydroxyapatite, <1% protein.
Two types of protein:
1. Amelogenin (most common)
2. Enamelin

Enamel laid down as verticle stacked rods with interod region between the rods (different orientation). Each rod coated by a thin layer of organic matter (rod sheath)

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24
Q

What are the four major constituents of saliva?

A
  1. Mucins (lubricant & protection from micro-organisms)
  2. Amylase (digestion of start)
  3. Lingual lipase (Digestion of fat)
  4. Slightly alkaline electrolyte solution (moistens food and neutralises acid in oesophagus)

Minor constituents include lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA (all have antibacterial activity)

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25
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  1. Protective (lubricates & moistens food, humidifies air, taste, coats tissues
  2. Host defense (IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin etc)
  3. Digestion (Lipase & amylase)
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26
Q

Describe the duct system of salivary ducts

A

INTRALOBULAR:

  1. Intercalated ducts (simple squamous) in the acinus
  2. Striated duct (cuboidal to columnar)
  3. Excretory duct/Intralobular duct (cuboidal to columnar)

INTERLOBAR

  1. Interlobular duct (pseudostratified)
  2. Lobar duct (columnar stratified)
  3. Main duct
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27
Q

Write notes on the parotid gland

A
  1. Largest salivary gland
  2. Has striated ducts (distinguishing feature from other glands)
  3. Serous acini only (no mucous)
  4. Compound tubuloalveolar glands surrounded by CT capsule & septa
  5. prominent RER and basically/cenrally located nuclei with secretory granules visible in apical region
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28
Q

Write notes on Submandibular glands

A
  1. Compound tubuloalveolar glands
  2. Mainly serous, a few mucus acini (not many) with serous demilumes
  3. Intercalated ducts & striated ducts too
  4. Dense CT capsule
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29
Q

Write notes on sublingual glands

A
  1. NO Capsule
  2. Compound tubuloalveolar glands
  3. Predominantly mucous
  4. Serous only present as serous demilumes
  5. Intercalated & striated ducts poorly developed
30
Q

Write notes in intercalated ducts

A
  1. simple squamous to low cuboidal
  2. INTRAlobular
  3. secrete bicarbonate into secretion
  4. Reabsorbs Cl- from secretions

3&4 = modifications of secretions

31
Q

Write notes on striated ducts

A
  1. Simple tall cuboidal –> columnar
  2. Modifies secretions (reabsorbs Na+, secretes K+ and HCO3-). Increased secretions can cause hypertonic secretions
  3. Basal & lateral cell membrane infoldings contain lots of mitochondria & pumps –> allows for secretions through active transport and increased SA.
32
Q

Write notes on interlobular/excretory ducts

A
  1. Lined by cuboidal epithelium and/or simple columnar which may become striated
  2. do NOT modify secretions.
33
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), androgens

34
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines. Adrenalin/Noradrenalin (epinephrine/norepinephrine)

35
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex, and what does each layer produce, and what regulates release?

A

Zona glomerulosa - produces mineraldocoritoids, regulated by R-A-S
Zona fasciculata - corticosteroids - ACTH
Zona reticularis - androgens - ACTH

36
Q

The preganglionic sympathetic fibres which terminate on the adrenal medulla release which neutrotransmitter? What happens in the postganglionic cell as a result?

A

Ach is released onto the postganglionic cells (with no axons) in the medulla. This causes depolarisation of the postganglionic neuron, and Ca2+ enters the cell, causing exocytosis of the catecholamines.

37
Q

What type of blood vessels are in the adrenal medulla?

A

Fenestrated capillaries & large venous channels

38
Q

What is contained in the renal sinus?

A
  1. Renal pelvis
  2. Major/minor calyces
  3. Arteries, veins, nerves
  4. Loose connective tissue & fat
39
Q

How many lobes in each kidney?

A

8-12 (each lobe is a renal pyramid + adjoining cortex cap)

40
Q

What is a renal column?

A

Projections of the cortex between medullary pyramids.

41
Q

What are the regions of the CORTEX of the kidney?

A
  1. Cortical labyrinth (with glomeruli & convoluted tubules)

2. Medullary rays (collection of straight tubules heading toward collecting ducts)

42
Q

What are the regions of the MEDULLA of the kidney?

A
  1. Inner medulla (renal pyramid)

2. Renal column (projections of renal cortex between pyramids to anchor the cortex)

43
Q

Where are the arcuate arteries located?

A

Junction between medulla & cortex

44
Q

Where are the interlobular arteries usually located?

A

In the cortical labyrinth

45
Q

Where are peritubular capillaries found?

A

Between PCT and DCT in the cortical labyrinth

46
Q

Which vessels are found in the medulla?

A

vasa recta

47
Q

Does the PCT or DCT have the macula densa?

A

DCT

48
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

49
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle + renal tubule (NOTE: Collecting duct is not embryologically part of the nephron)

50
Q

What is a uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron [Renal corpuscle + renal tubules] + collecting ducts

51
Q

What comprises a renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerular capillaries + bowmans capsule

52
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Cortical (bulk urine production)

Juxtamedullary (longer ones that maintain correct osmolarity of urine)

53
Q

How many glomeruli does the kidney have?

A

~100K - 1 million each kidney

54
Q

What epithelium lines the visceral & parietal layers of the bowman’s capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

55
Q

What are the cell types found in a renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule epithelium (simple squamous parietal & visceral cells), endothelial cells, mesangial cells.

56
Q

What roles does the mesangial cell have in the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Phagocytic

2. Contractile - adjusts surface area

57
Q

What is the cell called which makes up the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule? What is special about’s structure?

A

Podocyte - has foot processes with secondary foot processes that form filtration slits.

58
Q

Write notes on a filtration slit.

A

Formed by pedicels of podocytes. Negatively charged so repels anions. Forms the bowman’s capsule layer of the GBM. Filtration slits have a filtration membrane.

59
Q

What can pass through the filtration membrane?

A

Proteins <mw 68K

Positively charged substances

60
Q

Discuss in detail why the filtration barrier repels negatively charge proteins & molecules.

A
  1. Fenestrated capillaries endothelium covered by negatively charged glycoprotein
  2. Glomerular basement membrane (also negatively charged) composed of:
    a. lamina rara interna with heparin sulfate
    b. lamina dense - type IV collagin and laminin
    c. Lamina rara externa - heparin sulfate
  3. Podocytes & slit diaphragms also covered with negatively charged glycoproteins
61
Q

What epithelium is the PCT?

A

Simple cuboidal with prominent (tall) brush border

62
Q

What are the details of the PCT epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal
Tall bruss border
Lots of mitochondria (lots of transport for reabsorption)
Highly folded lateral/basal membranes to increase SA

63
Q

How much does the PCT reabsorb?

A

~65% of glomerular filtrate

64
Q

EM features of PCT?

A 
Long microvilli
Apical cell junctions
Apical pinocytotic vesicles
Lysosomes
Many mitochondria
Basolateral membrane foldings
Fenestrated capillaries beneath epithelia
65
Q

How do you tell PCT and DCT apart in the cortical section?

A

Both are simple cuboidal. DCT has no brush border (PCT does), and DCT stains paler with a thinner lumen.

66
Q

What epithelium are collecting ducts?

A

Simple columnar epithelium (pale)

67
Q

What epithelium are collecting TUBULES

A

Low cuboidal epithelium

68
Q

What are Lacis cells? What is their role in the JGA?

A

Extra-glomerular mesangial cells. Act as a conduit between MD and juxtaglomerular cells, and between MD and mesangial cells of glomerulus.

69
Q

What cell types make up the collecting ducts/tubules?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with

  1. Principal cells/pale staining (ADH regulated water channels - main functional cell. Single CILIA.
  2. Dark/intercalated cells. acid base balance.
70
Q

What are ducts of bellini?

A

The larger ends of the ducts as they release uring into the minor calyx

71
Q

What is the lining of the ureter?

A

Folded mucosa (increases in folding as you go more distally)
Transitional epithelium
Fibroelastic lamina propria
muscularis of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal only in lower 1/3)

72
Q

How does urine move towards the bladder?

A

Peristalsis

CAM202 (7 decks)

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