Histology

Question 1

List two features of an endocrine gland

Answer 1

they are ductless

they release their secretions directly into the bloodstream (rather than via ducts)

Question 2

secretions from endocrine glands are controlled by which 3 things?

Answer 2

metabolic factors (like blood glucose)
secretion of other hormones (e.g. TSH)
the nervous system (e.g. adrenaline)

Question 3

which cells are endocrine glands made up of?

Answer 3

modified squamous epithelial cells

Question 4

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

Answer 4

at the base of the brain beneath the third ventricle

Question 5

What are the 2 parts the pituitary gland is separated into?

Answer 5

Anterior and posterior

Question 6

What is the pituitary gland dependant on?

Answer 6

the hypothalamus

Question 7

What is the blood supply to the anterior pituitary known as?

Answer 7

the hypophyseal portal system

Question 8

what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary made of?

Answer 8

nervous tissue

composed of non myelinated axons

Question 9

what does the antidiuretic hormone do?

Answer 9

absorbs water stops you going to the toilet every few minutes!

Question 10

the paraventricular nucleus secetes what?

Answer 10

oxytocin

Question 11

why is oxytocin needed?

Answer 11

needed during labour and lactation

It stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during orgasm and in labour

Question 12

what are the ‘bodies’ in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 12

Hering bodies

they store hormones

Question 13

What is the thyroid gland important for?

Answer 13

metabolism

Question 14

What are the functional units in the thyroid gland?

Answer 14

thyroid follicles

Question 15

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 15

the lower part of the neck

Question 16

what is the thyroid gland enveloped by?

Answer 16

a fibrous capsule

Question 17

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 17

bring calcium levels down

Question 18

everything in the liver is dependant on which gland?

Answer 18

thryoid

Question 19

what do C-cells secrete? (thyroid gland)

Answer 19

calcitonin

Question 20

what and where are adrenal glands?

Answer 20

they are small endocrine cells located at the upper poles of the kidneys

Question 21

what are the 2 components of the adrenal glands?

Answer 21

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 22

what are the 3 histological zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 22

zona glomerulus
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

Question 23

in the cender of an adrenal gland is the medulla, made up of neural tissue, which cells does the neural tissue come from?

Answer 23

neural crest cells

Question 24

in the adrenal gland the zona G secretes what?

Answer 24

mineralocorticoids

Question 25

in the adrenal gland the zona F secretes what?

Answer 25

glucocorticoids

Question 26

in the adrenal gland the zona R secretes what?

Answer 26

sex steroids

Question 27

the adrenal gland is encased in a capsule to protect it from what?

Answer 27

the kidney

Question 28

the pancreas is made up of which types of glands?

Answer 28

endo (20%) and exocrine (80%) glands

Question 29

what are the 3 types of cells in the islets of langerhans called? (in pancreas)

Answer 29

alpha beta delta

Question 30

the alpha cells in the pancreas secrete what?

Answer 30

glucagon

Question 31

the beta cells in the pancreas secrete what?

Answer 31

insulin

Question 32

the delta cells in the pancreas secrete what?

Answer 32

growth hormone mediators

Question 33

what do pineal glands secrete?

Answer 33

melatonin

Question 34

a gland is packet of which type of cells?

Answer 34

cuboidal cells

Question 35

how can you distinguish between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

Answer 35

anterior has lots of dots and colours and is densely packed | posterior is less dense, more spread out and made out of neural tissue

Question 36

what is the function of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 36

a storage for several hormones

Question 37

What does the endocrine system do?

Answer 37

Regulate metabolic activities in certain tissues and organs, helping bring about homeostasis.

Question 38

What are hormones?

Answer 38

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands. | They are delivered via the bloodstream to their target cells or organs.

Question 39

Hormones are classified based on their composition into which 3 types?

Answer 39

Proteins and polypeptides-mostly water soluble Amino acid derivatives-mostly water soluble Steroid and fatty acid derivatives-mostly lipid soluble

Question 40

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

Answer 40

Diencephalon

Question 41

Somatotrophs and mammotrophs are two kinds of......? (In pituitary gland)

Answer 41

Acidophils

Question 42

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that stimulate metabolic rate?

Answer 42

Thyroxine (T4) | Triiodothyronine (T3)