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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

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2
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium
  2. Glandular epithelium
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3
Q

What are the two parts of the covering and lining epithelium?

A

apical (upper free side) and basal (lower attached side)

apilca may have cilia or microvilli

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4
Q

Is C&L epithelium vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

Also innervated and highly mitotic

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5
Q

What are the classifications of epithelia?

A
  • simple epithelium (one layer)
  • stratified epithelium (2+ layers)
  • pseudostratified
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6
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

A

squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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7
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Describe

A
  • single layer of flattened cells
  • disc-shaped central nuclei
  • sparse cytoplasm
  • simplest of the epithelia
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8
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Function

A
  • allows passage of materials (diffusion and filtration)
  • secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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9
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Location

A
  • kidney glomeruli
  • air sacs
  • lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
  • lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
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10
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Describe

A

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

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11
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Function

A

secretion and absorption

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12
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Location

A
  • kidney tubules
  • ducts and secretory portions of small glands
  • ovary surface
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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Describe

A
  • single layer of tall cells with round-oval nuclei
  • some cells have cilia
  • layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
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14
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Function

A
  • absorption
  • secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances
  • cilitated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
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15
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Location

A
  • nonciliated type lines most of digestive tract (stomach to anal), gallbladder and excretory ducts
  • ciliated type lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and parts of uterus
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16
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Describe

A
  • single layer of cells of different heights
  • nuclei seen at different levels
  • may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and cilia
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17
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Function

A
  • secretion (mucus)
  • propolsion of mucus by ciliary action
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18
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Location

A
  • nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
  • ciliated variety lines trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract
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19
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Describe

A
  • thick membrane composed of several cell layers
  • basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, metabolically active
  • surface cells are squamous
  • keratinized type has dead surface cells full of keratin
  • basal cells active in mitosis and produce the cells of superficial layers
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20
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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21
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Location

A
  • nonkeratinized type forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina
  • keratinized variety forms the epidermis (dry membrane)
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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Describe

A

two layers of cubelike cells

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23
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Function

A

Protection

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24
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Location

A
  • largest ducts of sweat glands
  • mammary glands
  • salivary glands
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25
# Stratified Columnar Epithelium Describe
* several layers * basal cells usually cuboidal * superficial cells elongated and columnar
26
# Stratified Columnar Epithelium Function
protection, secretion
27
# Stratified Columnar Epithelium Location
(rare) * small amounts in male urethra * large ducts of some glands
28
# Transitional Epithelium Describe
* resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal * basal cells cuboidal or columnar * surface cells dome shaped/squamouslike (depends on degree of organ stretch)
29
# Transitional Epithelium Function
* stretches readily * permits distention of urinary organ
30
# Transitional Epithelium Location
ureters, blader and part of the urethra
31
What is a gland?
* made out of 1+ cells * secrets product (usually water based, but can be lipid or steroid) * take substances from blood and chemically convert them into something else
32
Glandular Epithelia Classification
* endocrine - internally secreting * exocrine - externally secreting * unicellular * multicellular (inward growth)
33
Endocrine Glands
* ductless * secret hormones that travel through lumph or blood * some are in digestive tract or brain | e.g pineal, thyroid, ovary
34
Exocrine Glands
* exocrine glands > endocrine glands * secrete into ducts * release onto body surfaces or into cavities | mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands
35
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
* composed of a duct and secretory unit * classified according to shape of secretory unit and duct type
36
# Exocrine Glands Secretory Structure Classification
Tubular, Alveolar (acinar) or tubolavleolar
37
# Exocrine Glands Duct Structure
Simple or Compound
38
# Exocrine Glands Physiological classification
Modes of Secretion * holocrine * apocrine * merocrine
39
# Modes of Secretion Merocrine
products secreted by exocytosis | pancreas, sweat and salivary glands
40
# Modes of Secretion Holocrine
products secreted by rupture of gland cells | sebaceous glands
41
# Modes of Secretion Apocrine
products build up at apex of cell, then is pinched off
42
Connective Tissues
* found throughout the body (most abundant and widely distributed) * most variable
43
# Connective Tissue Function
* Binding and support * Protection * Insulation * Transportation
44
# Connective Tissue Characteristics
* more extracellular material than intracellular * more matrix than cells * mesenchyme is common tissue of origin * varying degress of vascularity
45
# Connective Tissue Structural Elements
Matrix * ground subtance - unstructure material filling space between cells * fibers - collagen, elastic or reticular
46
# Fibers Collagen
* strong * provides high tensile strength * wavy, white, stains pink
47
# Fibers Elastic
* long thin fibers * allow for stretch and recoil * curly/wavy, yellow, stains dark
48
# Fibers Reticular
* branched collagenous fibers * form delicate networks * hard to see, diffuse, stains dark
49
Cells in Tissue
* mesenchyme - undifferentiated connective tissue * -blast = producing/secreting cell * -cyte = maintaining cell
50
Types of Connective Tissue
* connective tissues proper * cartilage * bone * blood
51
Types of Connective Tissue PROPER
Loose and Dense
52
# Loose Connective Tissue Describe | Areolar Connective Tissue
* gel-like matrix w/ all 3 fiber types * fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells
53
# Loose Connective Tissue Function | Areolar Connective Tissue
* wraps and cushions organs * macrophages phagocytize bacteria * plays role in inflammation * holds and conveys tissue fluid
54
# Loose Connective Tissue Location | Areolar Connective Tissue
* widely distributed under epithelia of body * forms lamina propria of mucous membranes * packages organs * surrounds capillaries
55
# Loose Connective Tissue Describe | Adipose Connective Tissue
* similar matrix to aerolar tissue, sparse * closely packed adipocytes * nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplets
56
# Loose Connective Tissue Function | Adipose Connective Tissue
* provides reserve food feul * insulates against heat loss * supports and protects organs
57
# Loose Connective Tissue Location | Adipose Connective Tissue
* under skin * around kidneys and eyeballs * within abdomen * in breasts
58
# Loose Connective Tissue Describe | Reticular Connective Tissue
* network of reticular fibers * loose ground substance * reticular cells lie on the network
59
# Loose Connective Tissue Function | Reticular Connective Tissue
fibers form soft internal skeleton (stroma) - supports other cell types | white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages
60
# Loose Connective Tissue Location | Reticular Connective Tissue
lymphoid organs | lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
61
# Dense Connective Tissue Describe | Dense Regular Connective Tissue
* primarily parallel collagen fibers * few elastin fibers * fibroblast
62
# Dense Connective Tissue Function | Dense Regular Connective Tissue
* attaches muscles to bone/muscles * attaches bones to bones * withstands great tensile stress in one direction
63
# Dense Connective Tissue Location | Dense Regular Connective Tissue
* tendons * most ligaments * aponeuroses
64
# Dense Connective Tissue Describe | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
* irregularly arranged collagen fivers * some elastic fibers * fibroblast
65
# Dense Connective Tissue Function | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
* able to withstand tension in many directions * provides structural strength
66
# Dense Connective Tissue Location | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
* dermis of the skin * submucosa of digestive tract * fibrous capsules of organs and joints
67
# Dense Connective Tissue Describe | Elastic Connective Tissue
* irregularly arranged elastic fibers * some colalgen fibers * fibroblasts
68
# Dense Connective Tissue Function | Elastic Connective Tissue
* provides stretch and recoil * pulses walls as blood or air move
69
# Dense Connective Tissue Location | Elastic Connective Tissue
* large arteries * bronchi
70
# Cartilage Characteristics
* very strong and dense tissues * avascular * surrounded by perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) * chondrocytes in lacunae
71
# Cartilage Describe | Hyaline
* amorphous but firm matrix * collagen fibers form imperceptible network * chondroblasts produce matrix * mature chondrocytes lie in lacunae
72
# Cartilage Function | Hyaline
* supports and reinforces * resilient cushioning properties * resists compressive stress
73
# Cartilage Location | Hyaline
* most of the embryonic skeleton * covers ends of long bones in join cavities * forms costal cartilages of ribes * nose, trachea and larynx
74
# Cartilage Describe | Elastic
similar to hyaline, but more elastic fibers
75
# Cartilage Function | Elastic
maintains shape while allowing flexibility
76
# Cartilage Location | Elastic
* external ear (pinna) * epiglottis
77
# Cartilage Describe | Fibrocartilage
* similar matrix to hyaline but less firm * predominantly thick collagen fibers
78
# Cartilage Function | Fibrocartilage
* tensile strength * absorbs compresive shock
79
# Cartilage Location | Fibrocartilage
* intervertebral discs * pubic symphysis * discs of knee joint
80
# Bone Types
Compact/Dense and Spongy
81
# Bone Describe | Osseous Tissue
* hard, calcified matrix * many collagen fibers * osteocytes lie in lacunae * well vascularized
82
# Bone Function | Osseous Tissue
* supports and protects (encloses) * provides levers for muscles to act on * stores calcium and other minerals and fat * marrow inside bones is site for hematopoiesis
83
# Blood Describe
* red and white blood cells * in plasma
84
# Blood Function
transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
85
# Nervous Tissue Describe
neurons are branching cells long cell processes extending from nucleus-containing body nonirritable supporting cells
86
# Nervous Tissue Function
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors (muscles and glands)
87
# Nervous Tissue Cell Types
Neurons - structural and functional units Neuroglia - support cells
88
Muscle
contracts to cause movement
89
# Muscle Describe | Skeletal
* long * cylindrical * multinucleate * obvious striations
90
# Muscle Function | Skeletal
* voluntary movement/control * locomotion * manipulation of environment * facial expression
91
# Muscle Location | Skeletal
attached to bones or occasionally skin
92
# Muscle Describe | Cardiac
* branching * striated * (generally) uninucleate, interdigitated cells * specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
93
# Muscle Function | Cardiac
* propels blood into circulation through contraction * involuntary control
94
# Muscle Describe | Smooth
* spindle shaped cells * central nuclei * no striations * arranged to form sheets
95
# Muscle Function | Smooth
* propels substances/objects along internal passageaways * involuntary control | food, urine, a baby
96
# Muscle Location | Smooth
walls of hollow organs

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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