Chemistry & Biomolecules of Life

Question 1

The human body is 96% made up of what elements?

Answer 1

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

Question 2

What are the four types of energy?

Answer 2

Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical and Electromagnetic

Question 3

What is the unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles?

Answer 3

Dalton

Question 4

What is an isotope?

Answer 4

An atom of an element with an increase of neutrons

Question 5

What are the two bonds atoms can form?

Answer 5

Covalent and Ionic

Question 6

What kinds of elements form covalent bonds?

Answer 6

non-metal elements

Question 7

What kinds of elements form ionic bonds?

Answer 7

Non-metal and metal elements

Question 8

How do covalent bonds form?

Answer 8

They share electrons in outer most shell to complete the octet rule

Question 9

What is the octet rule?

Answer 9

The octet rule declares that atoms want 8 electrons in their outer most shell

Question 10

How do ionic bonds form?

Answer 10

Atoms lose or gain electrons to complete the octet rule

Question 11

What is an acid?

Answer 11

An acid is something that releases H+ ions

Question 12

What is a base?

Answer 12

Bases take up H+ ions and release OH- ions

Question 13

What molecules are unique to the living cell?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 14

What element is unique to the living cell?

Answer 14

Carbon

Question 15

What is special about molecules like Phosphatic acids and glycolipids?

Answer 15

They are electro-neutral and utilize covalent bonds

Question 16

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 16

A group of molecules that include sugars and starches

Question 17

How much of the cell mass is made of carbs?

Answer 17

1-2%

Question 18

What are examples of carbohydrates?

think chains of molecules

Answer 18

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

Question 19

What is a benefit of polysaccharides?

Answer 19

They are mostly insoluble and great for storage products

Question 20

Why is Glucose broken down by the body?

Answer 20

To synthesize ATP

Question 21

What do dietary carbs get converted to when energy supplies are sufficient in the body?

Answer 21

Glycogen or fat

Question 22

What are the two important polysaccharides to the body?

Answer 22

Starch and Glycogen

Question 23

Lipids are dissolvable in what?

Answer 23

Other lipids or organic solvents (alcohol)

Question 24

What are the three different categories of lipids?

Answer 24

Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Steroids

Question 25

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 25

Fat when solid and oil when liquid

Question 26

Where are triglycerides found in bodies?

Answer 26

Mainly beneath the skin as fat

Question 27

What is a phospholipid? | definition

Answer 27

Building blocks of the cell membrane

Question 28

What is the makeup of a phospholipid?

Answer 28

A fatty acid, hydrophobic tail, and a hydrophilic head

Question 29

What are steroids?

Answer 29

Fat soluble, flat molecules made out of four hydrocarbon rings

Question 30

What is the most important steroid for humans?

Answer 30

Cholesterol

Question 31

What is Cholesterol important for?

Answer 31

The synthesis of Vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts

Question 32

What is a protein? | definition, not what it is made of

Answer 32

The basic structural material of the body

Question 33

How much of cell mass is made out of protein?

Answer 33

10-30%

Question 34

What structures are also made of protein?

Answer 34

Enzymes and hemoglobin

Question 35

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

Answer 35

Long chains of amino acids

Question 36

What makes amino acids different from one another?

Answer 36

The "R" group

Question 37

What is the R group?

Answer 37

A side chain specific to each amino acid, indicating chemical properties (size, polarity, pH) to that amino acid

Question 38

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 38

20

Question 39

Bonds between amino acids are called __?

Answer 39

Peptide Bonds

Question 40

How many amino acids can protein molecules contain?

Answer 40

100 to 10,000 amino acids

Question 41

How many structures do proteins have?

Answer 41

Four - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

Question 42

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 42

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 43

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 43

Corkscrew-like twists/pleated folds formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids

Question 44

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 44

Complex 3D shape formed by multiple twists/bends in the polypeptide chain. Based on the side chains' interactions with each other and the aqueous solvent

Question 45

What is the quaternary structure?

Answer 45

2+ polypeptide chains bonded together

Question 46

What are the largest molecules found in the body?

Answer 46

Nucleic Acids

Question 47

What does RNA do?

Answer 47

Carries orders for protein synthesis, but some viruses have exceptions