HISTOLOGY

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Question 8

Cells at the base of the tubules are … differentiated, at the top they are … differentiated (because of the size of the nucleus)

Answer 8

less, more

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Question 10

PROSTATE GLAND
- Surrounds the … as it exits the urinary bladder
- 30 to 50 discrete… – empty their contents via excretory ducts into the prostatic urethra
- Arranged in three concentric layers around the urethra:…
- Covered by a fibroelastic capsule with …. Septa from the capsule – divide it into lobes

Answer 10

• urethra
  -branched tubuloalveolar glands
  -mucosal, submucosal, and main
  -smooth muscle

Question 11

PROSTATE GLAND

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Question 12

When prostate enlarges (hyperplastic prostate) …

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The urethra becomes thinner (se obstruye)

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Question 14

Male reproductive system is formed by the…

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Testes, genital ducts, accessory genital glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland , and bulbo- urethral glands), and the penis

Question 15

Function of the male reproductive system

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Produce spermatozoa (sperm), testosterone, and seminal fluid

Question 16

Function of seminal fluid

Answer 16

Seminal fluid transports and nourishes the sperm as they pass through the excretory ducts. The penis delivers sperm to the exterior and also serves as the conduit for excretion of urine from the body

Question 17

The paired testes develop in the … and later descend into the …, where they are suspended at the ends of the …

Answer 17

abdominal cavity, scrotum, spermatic cords

Question 18

Sites of spermatogenesis and production of the male sex hormones: primarily testosterone

Answer 18

Testes

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Question 20

Testicular Tunicae (covering of the testes)

Serous sac derived from the peritoneum that partially covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of each testis

Answer 20

Tunica vaginalis

Question 21

Testicular Tunicae (covering of the testes)

Thick, fibrous connective tissue capsule. Lined by the tunica vasculosa (a highly vascular layer of loose connective tissue)

Answer 21

Túnica albuginea. It is thickened posteriorly to form the mediastinum testis – incomplete connective tissue septa arise to divide the organ into approximately 250 compartments (lobuli testis)

Question 22

Testicular Tunicae (covering of the testes)

The passage way for blood and lymphatic vessels in and out of the testes

Answer 22

The mediastinum testis

Question 23

Capsule - Fibrous septa penetrate the organ and divide it into about … compartments or …

Answer 23

250 pyramidal, testicular lobules

Question 24

Lobuli Testes
- Pyramidal intercommunicating compartments separated by …
- Each contains … where spermatozoa are produced
- Highly … are embedded in a meshwork of loose connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and interstitial cells of Leydig

Answer 24

• incomplete septa
• one to four seminiferous tubules
• convoluted tubules

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Interstitial Cells of Leydig - Round to polygonal cells in the interstitial regions between … - Large central nucleus, numerous mitochondria, a well-developed Golgi complex, and many … (contain cholesterol esters, precursors of testosterone) - Richly supplied with …

Answer 26

- seminiferous tubules - lipid droplets - capillaries and lymphatic vessels

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Interstitial Cells of Leydig - Function: endocrine cells that produce and secrete … - Secretion is stimulated by … (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) produced in the … - They mature and begin to secrete during …

Answer 28

- testosterone - luteinizing hormone, pituitary gland - puberty

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Question 30

Seminiferous Tubules 30 to 70cm long, with a diameter of 150 to 250um - Enveloped by a … tunic composed of several layers of fibroblasts and extensive capillary beds - Form … through the testicular lobules and then narrow into short, straight segments –… – connected with the rete testis

Answer 30

- fibrous connective tissue - tortuous pathways - the tubuli recti

Question 31

Answer 31

RETE TESTIS

Question 32

Seminiferous Tubules - The …: lined by a thick complex epithelium: seminiferous or germinal epithelium - four to eight cell layers and contains (i)…, from which the germ cells eventually develop (spermatogenesis), and (ii) Sertoli cells

Answer 32

- lumina (i) spermatogenic cells (ii) Stertoli cells

Question 33

Sertoli Cells - … that extend from the basal lamina to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule - Pale, oval nucleus that displays frequent… , highly infolded and possess a large nucleolus -… after puberty

Answer 33

- Columnar cells - indentations - No longer undergo mitosis

Question 34

Sertoli Cells - Lateral plasma membranes: long processes that … with those of neighboring Sertoli cells enfolding small clusters of developing … - Apical cell membranes: highly convoluted, forming … where the interstices between these processes are occupied by developing spermatozoa

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- interdigitate, spermatogenic cells - finger-like processes

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Question 40

Progression of spermatogonia into spermatozoa:thanks to … - concentrates testosterone in the luminal compartment

Answer 40

androgen-binding protein (ABP)

Question 41

Sertoli Cells - A well- developed SER, some RER, an abundance of mitochondria and lysosomes, and an … - On basal plasma membranes: receptors for … - Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) with adjacent Sertoli cells near their bases – dividing the lumen of the seminiferous tubule into a basal and an adluminal compartment: …– protects developing sperm cells from autoimmune reactions

Answer 41

- extensive Golgi complex - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - the blood testis barrier

Question 42

Sertoli Cells - Function - Support, protect, and nourish the… -… excess cytoplasm discarded by maturing spermatids - Secrete a fructose-rich fluid into the lumen that nourishes and facilitates the transport of… through the seminiferous tubules to the genital ducts - Synthesize … under the influence of FSH - Secrete (i) … – a hormone that inhibits the synthesis and release of FSH by the anterior pituitary, and (ii)… – a hormone which boosts FSH release from the anterior pituitary - Establish a … - During fetal development: synthesize and release … hormone – determines maleness - Manufacture and release testicular … – a protein that facilitates the transfer of iron from serum transferrin to maturing spermatogenic cells

Answer 42

- spermatogenic cells - Phagocytose - spermatozoa - androgen-binding protein (ABP) - (i) inhibin (ii)activin -blood-testis barrier - antimüllerian -transferrin

Question 43

…- assists in maintaining the necessary concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubule so that spermatogenesis can progress

Answer 43

ABP

Question 44

Prostate Gland 1. … zone: around the prostatic urethra with… glands 2. …. zone: surrounds most of that transition zone with … glands 3. … zone: the outermost and largest layer with the most numerous … glands Glands of … contribute to the prostatic secretion

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1. Transition, mucosal 2. Intermediate central, submucosal 3. Peripheral, main all the layers

Question 45

Name the structure

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Prostate gland

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Prostate Gland => Epithelium: - … and lines the individual glands - Composed of cells that contain abundant RER, a well-developed Golgi complex, …, and many secretory granules => Corpora amylacea: prostatic concretions, composed of … – may become calcified and increase with age

Answer 47

- Simple or pseudostratified columnar - numerous lysosomes - glycoprotein

Question 48

Prostate Gland - …: dense irregular connective tissue with large amount of smooth muscle fibers - Secretes a thin whitish fluid: …, citric acid, acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, and lipids - Function: to … the coagulated semen after it is deposited in the female genital tract - Synthesis and release: regulated by …

Answer 48

- Fibromuscular stroma - proteolytic enzymes - liquefy - dihydrotestosterone

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Question 51

Female Reproductive System - Paired … ; and the paired …(technically part of the integument – highly modified sweat glands) - Marked changes at the onset of puberty: initiated by … - Monthly menstrual cycles and menses from puberty until the end of the reproductive years, which terminate at …

Answer 51

- ovaries and oviducts; the uterus, vagina, and external genitalia, mammary glands - menarche - menopause

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The primordial follicles surrounded by stroma cells (primary follicles) will be formed during infancy. In an infant ovary we find a prominent stroma.

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Question 55

Name the structure

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Infant ovary

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Name the structure

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Aging ovary

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Question 59

What can we see in the image?

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Primordial follicles

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Stroma cells … the n cell

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Protect

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Question 63

After FSH stimulation, stroma cells become… cells

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Follicular

Question 64

What can we appreciate in this image?

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Primary follicles, some of them developed, others not

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Zona pellucida

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Difference between primordial and primary follicle

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In primary follicles, the stroma cells (follicular cells) become bigger with more layers. Zona pellucida also forms

Question 68

In the secondary follicle, an … is formed. It will be filled with nutrients which will diffuse to nourish the oocyte.

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ANTRUM

Question 69

Name the type of follicle

Answer 69

Secondary (antral) follicle

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In secondary follicles, the stroma is reclined forming the…, which will receive LH

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Theca interna

Question 71

Theca interna will secrete… … will squeeze to let out the ovum.

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LH externa

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Question 73

Name the type of follicle

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Graafian (mature) Follicle

Question 74

In ovulation…. will be eliminated

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Oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata

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Question 76

What can be seen in this image?

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Corpus luteum

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Question 78

What can be seen in this image?

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Corpus albicans

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Question 81

Ovaries - Covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium: … (mesothelium/serosa often misleadingly referred to as "germinal epithelium") - Deep to the germinal epithelium: a capsule, the … – dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue - Subdivided into a …– not sharply delineated

Answer 81

-germinal epithelium - tunica albuginea - cortex and a medulla

Question 82

Ovarian Cortex contains… - … in various stages of development - … – with cells that respond in unique ways to hormonal stimuli

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-Ovarian follicles - Connective tissue stroma

Question 83

In endometrium we have… glands

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Simple tubular mucus

Question 84

The stroma of the uterus is highly…

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Vascularised

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Question 87

Glands of endometrium are always …

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Tubular

Question 88

Phases of the uterus along the month

Answer 88

1. Proliferating phase: increase in the number of cells but not in the size of cells. 2. Secretory phase, adult cells secrete mucus. Not increase in the number of cells, but increase in the size. 3. Menstrual phase: we can see bleeding

Question 89

The human uterus has an increase in the number cells, but not in the size of them during the … phase

Answer 89

Proliferative

Question 90

The human uterus has an increase in the size of the cells (they become more complex, with glands) but not in the number of them during the … phase

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Secretory

Question 91

Name the phase of the uterus

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Proliferative phase (no complex morphology in it)

Question 92

Name the phase of the uterus

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Proliferative phase

Question 93

Name the phase of the uterus

Answer 93

Secretory phsee

Question 94

Name the phase of the uterus

Answer 94

Secretory phase

Question 95

A 49-year-old perimenopausal woman has had meno-metrorrhagia for the past 3 months. On physical examination, there are no remarkable findings. The microscopic appearance of an endometrial biopsy specimen is shown in the figure. The patient undergoes a dilation and curettage, and the bleeding stops, with no further problems. What condition is most likely to produce these findings?

Answer 95

The image shows the secretory phase. This condition is caused because of REPEATED FAILURE OF OVULATION

Question 96

Name the phase of the uterus

Answer 96

Secretory phase