HISTOLOGY Flashcards
Cells at the base of the tubules are … differentiated, at the top they are … differentiated (because of the size of the nucleus)
less, more
PROSTATE GLAND
- Surrounds the … as it exits the urinary bladder
- 30 to 50 discrete… – empty their contents via excretory ducts into the prostatic urethra
- Arranged in three concentric layers around the urethra:…
- Covered by a fibroelastic capsule with …. Septa from the capsule – divide it into lobes
- urethra
-branched tubuloalveolar glands
-mucosal, submucosal, and main
-smooth muscle
PROSTATE GLAND
When prostate enlarges (hyperplastic prostate) …
The urethra becomes thinner (se obstruye)
Male reproductive system is formed by the…
Testes, genital ducts, accessory genital glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland , and bulbo- urethral glands), and the penis
Function of the male reproductive system
Produce spermatozoa (sperm), testosterone, and seminal fluid
Function of seminal fluid
Seminal fluid transports and nourishes the sperm as they pass through the excretory ducts. The penis delivers sperm to the exterior and also serves as the conduit for excretion of urine from the body
The paired testes develop in the … and later descend into the …, where they are suspended at the ends of the …
abdominal cavity, scrotum, spermatic cords
Sites of spermatogenesis and production of the male sex hormones: primarily testosterone
Testes
Testicular Tunicae (covering of the testes)
Serous sac derived from the peritoneum that partially covers the anterior and lateral surfaces of each testis
Tunica vaginalis
Testicular Tunicae (covering of the testes)
Thick, fibrous connective tissue capsule. Lined by the tunica vasculosa (a highly vascular layer of loose connective tissue)
Túnica albuginea. It is thickened posteriorly to form the mediastinum testis – incomplete connective tissue septa arise to divide the organ into approximately 250 compartments (lobuli testis)
Testicular Tunicae (covering of the testes)
The passage way for blood and lymphatic vessels in and out of the testes
The mediastinum testis
Capsule - Fibrous septa penetrate the organ and divide it into about … compartments or …
250 pyramidal, testicular lobules
Lobuli Testes
- Pyramidal intercommunicating compartments separated by …
- Each contains … where spermatozoa are produced
- Highly … are embedded in a meshwork of loose connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and interstitial cells of Leydig
- incomplete septa
- one to four seminiferous tubules
- convoluted tubules
Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- Round to polygonal cells in the interstitial regions between …
- Large central nucleus, numerous mitochondria, a well-developed Golgi
complex, and many … (contain cholesterol esters, precursors of testosterone)
- Richly supplied with …
- seminiferous tubules
- lipid droplets
- capillaries and lymphatic vessels
Interstitial Cells of Leydig
- Function: endocrine cells that produce and secrete …
- Secretion is stimulated by … (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) produced in the …
- They mature and begin to secrete during …
- testosterone
- luteinizing hormone, pituitary gland
- puberty
Seminiferous Tubules
30 to 70cm long, with
a diameter of 150 to 250um
- Enveloped by a … tunic composed of several layers of fibroblasts and extensive capillary beds
- Form … through the testicular lobules and then narrow into short, straight segments –… – connected with the rete testis
- fibrous connective tissue
- tortuous pathways
- the tubuli recti
RETE TESTIS
Seminiferous Tubules
- The …: lined by a thick complex epithelium: seminiferous or germinal epithelium - four to eight cell layers and contains (i)…, from which the germ cells eventually develop (spermatogenesis), and (ii) Sertoli cells
- lumina
(i) spermatogenic cells
(ii) Stertoli cells
Sertoli Cells
- … that extend from the basal lamina to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
- Pale, oval nucleus that displays frequent… , highly infolded and possess a large nucleolus
-… after puberty
- Columnar cells
- indentations
- No longer undergo mitosis
Sertoli Cells
- Lateral plasma membranes: long processes that … with those of neighboring Sertoli cells enfolding small clusters of developing …
- Apical cell membranes: highly convoluted, forming … where the interstices between these processes are occupied by developing spermatozoa
- interdigitate, spermatogenic cells
- finger-like processes
Progression of spermatogonia into spermatozoa:thanks to … - concentrates testosterone in the luminal compartment
androgen-binding protein (ABP)
Sertoli Cells
- A well- developed SER, some RER, an abundance of mitochondria and lysosomes, and an …
- On basal plasma membranes: receptors for …
- Zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) with adjacent Sertoli cells near their bases – dividing the lumen of the seminiferous tubule into a basal and an adluminal compartment: …– protects developing sperm cells from autoimmune reactions
- extensive Golgi complex
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- the blood testis barrier
Sertoli Cells - Function
- Support, protect, and nourish the…
-… excess cytoplasm discarded by maturing spermatids
- Secrete a fructose-rich fluid into the lumen that nourishes and facilitates the transport of… through the seminiferous tubules to the genital ducts
- Synthesize … under the influence of FSH
- Secrete (i) … – a hormone that inhibits the synthesis and release of FSH by the anterior pituitary, and (ii)… – a hormone which boosts FSH release from the anterior pituitary
- Establish a …
- During fetal development: synthesize and release … hormone – determines maleness
- Manufacture and release testicular … – a protein that facilitates the transfer of iron from serum transferrin to maturing spermatogenic cells
- spermatogenic cells
- Phagocytose
- spermatozoa
- androgen-binding protein (ABP)
- (i) inhibin (ii)activin
-blood-testis barrier - antimüllerian
-transferrin
…- assists in maintaining the necessary concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubule so that spermatogenesis can progress
ABP
Prostate Gland
1. … zone: around the prostatic urethra with… glands
2. …. zone: surrounds most of that transition zone with … glands
3. … zone: the outermost and largest layer with the
most numerous … glands
Glands of … contribute to the prostatic secretion
- Transition, mucosal
- Intermediate central, submucosal
- Peripheral, main
all the layers
Name the structure
Prostate gland
Prostate Gland
=> Epithelium:
- … and lines the individual glands
- Composed of cells that contain abundant
RER, a well-developed Golgi complex, …, and many secretory granules
=> Corpora amylacea: prostatic concretions, composed of … – may become calcified and increase with age
- Simple or pseudostratified columnar
- numerous lysosomes
- glycoprotein
Prostate Gland
- …: dense irregular connective tissue with large amount of smooth muscle fibers
- Secretes a thin whitish fluid: …, citric acid, acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, and lipids
- Function: to … the coagulated semen after it is deposited in the female genital tract
- Synthesis and release: regulated by …
- Fibromuscular stroma
- proteolytic enzymes
- liquefy
- dihydrotestosterone
Female Reproductive System
- Paired … ; and the paired …(technically part of the integument – highly modified sweat glands)
- Marked changes at the onset of puberty: initiated by …
- Monthly menstrual cycles and menses from puberty until the end of the reproductive years, which terminate at …
- ovaries and oviducts; the uterus, vagina, and external genitalia, mammary glands
- menarche
- menopause
The primordial follicles surrounded by stroma cells (primary follicles) will be formed during infancy.
In an infant ovary we find a prominent stroma.
Name the structure
Infant ovary
Name the structure
Aging ovary
What can we see in the image?
Primordial follicles
Stroma cells … the n cell
Protect
After FSH stimulation, stroma cells become… cells
Follicular
What can we appreciate in this image?
Primary follicles, some of them developed, others not
Zona pellucida
Difference between primordial and primary follicle
In primary follicles, the stroma cells (follicular cells) become bigger with more layers. Zona pellucida also forms
In the secondary follicle, an … is formed. It will be filled with nutrients which will diffuse to nourish the oocyte.
ANTRUM
Name the type of follicle
Secondary (antral) follicle
In secondary follicles, the stroma is reclined forming the…, which will receive LH
Theca interna
Theca interna will secrete…
… will squeeze to let out the ovum.
LH
externa
Name the type of follicle
Graafian (mature) Follicle
In ovulation…. will be eliminated
Oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata
What can be seen in this image?
Corpus luteum
What can be seen in this image?
Corpus albicans
Ovaries
- Covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium: … (mesothelium/serosa often
misleadingly referred to as “germinal epithelium”)
- Deep to the germinal epithelium: a capsule, the … – dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue
- Subdivided into a …– not sharply delineated
-germinal epithelium
- tunica albuginea
- cortex and a medulla
Ovarian Cortex contains…
- … in various stages of development
- … – with cells that respond in unique ways to hormonal stimuli
-Ovarian follicles
- Connective tissue stroma
In endometrium we have… glands
Simple tubular mucus
The stroma of the uterus is highly…
Vascularised
Glands of endometrium are always …
Tubular
Phases of the uterus along the month
- Proliferating phase: increase in the number of cells but not in the size of cells.
- Secretory phase, adult cells secrete mucus. Not increase in the number of cells, but increase in the size.
- Menstrual phase: we can see bleeding
The human uterus has an increase in the number cells, but not in the size of them during the … phase
Proliferative
The human uterus has an increase in the size of the cells (they become more complex, with glands) but not in the number of them during the … phase
Secretory
Name the phase of the uterus
Proliferative phase (no complex morphology in it)
Name the phase of the uterus
Proliferative phase
Name the phase of the uterus
Secretory phsee
Name the phase of the uterus
Secretory phase
A 49-year-old perimenopausal woman has had meno-metrorrhagia for the past 3 months. On physical examination, there are no remarkable findings. The microscopic appearance of an endometrial biopsy specimen is shown in the figure. The patient undergoes a dilation and curettage,
and the bleeding stops, with no further problems. What condition is most likely to produce these findings?
The image shows the secretory phase. This condition is caused because of REPEATED FAILURE OF OVULATION
Name the phase of the uterus
Secretory phase
