Histology

Question 1

Where does the upper respiratory tract transition into the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Trachea
- above (larynx upwards all URT)

Question 2

What are 4 cell types in the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 2

1) Ciliated columnar cells
2) Mucous goblet cells
3) Brush cells
4) Basal cells
5) Small granule cells

Question 3

What is the function of basal cells in the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 3

Stem cells → differentiate to replenish loss cells of all types within epithelium

(also 1st to be affected by cigarette smoke)

Question 4

What type of collagen are all basement membranes made of?

Answer 4

Type 4

Question 5

What are the components of the upper respiratory mucosa?

Answer 5

1) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (Respiratory) epithelium
2) Lamina propria
- vessels, mucous glands

Question 6

In Rhinitis,
the goblet cells are _________________
the lamina propria is _____________
resulting in the narrowing of nasal cavities.

Answer 6

Rhinitis:
Goblet cells: hypertrophic and loaded with mucus

LP: edematous with inflammatory infiltrate

Question 7

Chronic smoking induces the transformation of respiratory epithelium to __________________, which predisposes a px to squamous cell carcinoma.

Answer 7

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

Paranasal air sinuses add _______ to your voice.

Answer 8

Resonance

Question 9

The oral surface of the soft palate is lined by _______________ epithelium while the nasal surface is lined by______________ epithelium.

Answer 9

Oral: Stratified squamous

Nasal: Respiratory epithelium

Question 10

The entire lingual and apical laryngeal surface is lined by ____________ epithelium. Towards the base of the epiglottis, the laryngeal surface is lined by __________________ epithelium where _______________ are located beneath.

Answer 10

Larynx:
Lingual and apical surface: stratified squamous

towards base of epiglottis: respiratory epithelium
- with serous and mucous glands located beneath

Question 11

False vocal cords are lined with _______________ epithelium.

True vocal cords are lined with ________________ epithelium.

Answer 11

False: Respiratory

True: “Stratified” squamous

Question 12

The trachea is lined by ____________ epithelium and has _______________ cartilages. The open ends of these cartilages are bridged by ______________________.

Answer 12

Trachea:
- Respiratory epithelium
- C-shaped hyaline cartilage
- open ends bridged by fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle bundle

Question 13

The visceral pleura adherent to the lung is lined by _______________.

Answer 13

Mesothelium

Question 14

In comparison to the bronchi and trachea, the bronchioles (do not) have cartilage and (do not) have mucus glands but have (more/less) smooth muscle.

Answer 14

Bronchioles
- no cartilage
- no mucus glands
- more smooth muscle

Question 15

Describe the changes in epithelium from the trachea to the alveoli.

Answer 15

Trachea: respiratory
up till bronchioles then:
→ ciliated cuboidal
→ non-ciliated squamous epithelium

Question 16

What are 4 cells usually found in the interalveolar septum?

Answer 16

1) Capillary endothelial cells
2) Type 1 pneumocytes
3) Type 2 pneuomocytes
4) Interstitial fibroblasts
5) Alveolar macrophages

Question 17

What are type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes?

Answer 17

Type 1:
- simple squamous epithelium
- form structure

Type 2:
- cuboidal
- secrete surfactant
- differentiate to replace type 1