Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System > Anatomy: Thoracic cavity, Pleura and Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy: Thoracic cavity, Pleura and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic cavity has ___ divisions: _________________.

A

3 divisions:
1 mediastinum (central)
2 pulmonary cavities (left & right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The mediastinum contains what structures?

A

1) Heart
2) Root of great vessels
(superior vena cava, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pulmonary cavities contain which major structures?

A

Lungs and pleurae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The mediastinum is divided into the __________ and __________ by the __________ along the ___________.

A

Superior and inferior mediastinum by the sternal angle (@ level of T4/5) along the trans-sternal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The inferior mediastinum is further divided into _______________________, all of which are relative to which organ?

A

Anterior middle and posterior
The heart (middle mediastinum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The pleura is a ___________ membrane derived from the embryonic _________. It is lined by __________.

A

double-layered membrane
derived from mesoderm
lined by single layer of mesothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different layers of the pleura?

A

Visceral (deep)
- covers lungs and fissures between lobes

Parietal (Superficial)
- lines pulmonary cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the space between the layers of pleura, what does it contain, and what is its function?

A

Pleural cavity
- contains serous pleural fluid
- lubricant during respiratory movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 pleural recesses and their clinical significance?

A

1) Costo-diaphragmatic recess
- allows for lung expansion in inspiration
- used for pleural fluid aspiration in diagnosis

2) Costo-mediastinal recess
- anterior borders of lungs slide in & out during inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are surface markings of the lines of pleural reflection important?

A

Incision and puncture along the lines can cause a pneumothorax or hemothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reflection of the parietal pleura:

1) Cervical pleura on both sides extend into root of neck ____________.
2) Trace downwards and they meet ________ at ______ and continue till they reach _____
3) At __________, left diverges _______________ while right ___________.
4) Curves ________ and reaches (i)_______ at _______, (ii)___________ at _________, and (iii)_______ and _______.

A

1) Cervical in root of neck 2cm above clavicle
2) Meet behind sternal angle @ 2nd costal cartilage continue until 4th
3) At 6th costal cartilage, left diverge 1cm from sternum, right just stop/emerging from beneath
4) Curve laterally and reaches
i) 8th rib @ mid-clavicular
ii) 10th rib @ mid-axillary
iii) 12th rib @ para-vertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A

1) Cervical
2) Costal
3) Diaphragmatic
4) Mediastinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Limits of the lung (+ visceral pleura)
- Upper limits of lung follow more or less outline of _______:
_______ above clavicle to behind sternal angle at ________ and continue to lie until ______
- Lower limits of lung are ______ above parietal pleura at midclavicular, midaxillary and parvertebral lines

A
  • Upper limits same as parietal pleura:
    2cm above clavicle, meet behind sternal angle @ 2nd costal cartilage until 4th(L)/6(R)
  • Lower limits are 2 ribs above parietal pleura:
    6th @ midclavicular
    8th @ midaxillary
    10th @paravertebral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Each lung has:
__surfaces (______________)
__ borders (______________)

A

3 surfaces: Costal (front), Mediastinal (inward), Diaphragmatic
3 borders: Anterior, Inferior, Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The right lung has ____lobes while the left has _____. These are formed/defined by _________.

A

Right: 3; Left: 2
defined by fissures (both have oblique, only R horizontal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The ______ lung is larger, heavier and higher than the other due to _________.

A

Right
Right hemidiaphragm is slightly higher due to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the neurovascular tissues that are part of the root of the lung?

A

a) 1 Main bronchus
b) 1 Pulmonary artery
c) 2 Pulmonary veins
d) Bronchial vessels
e) Nerves
f) Lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The neurovascular tissue in the root of the lung pass through the ______ of the lung.

A

hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 types of arteries that supply the lung and what are their respective functions?

A

1) Bronchial artery (supply lung tissue w nutrients)
2) Pulmonary artery (gas exchange/carry deoxygenated blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a pneumonectomy?

A

An operation to remove an entire/part of a lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a lobectomy?

A

Removal of a lobe of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which group of blood vessels supply the lungs?
(type of circulation)

A

Pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which group of blood vessels supply part of the body other than the lungs?
(types of circulation)

A

Systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or false: Blood is pumped into both the pulmonary and systemic circulations simultaneously.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which pulmonary vessel carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which pulmonary vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A blood clot that develops elsewhere in the body (often leg), then travels to and blocks the pulmonary artery, which can cause life-threatening problems including death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the hilum of the lung and where is it?

A

It is the area through which structures enter/leave the lung
On the mediastinal surface of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the root of a lung and where is it found?

A

It is a short tubular connection of structures, surrounded by the mediastinal pleura that emerge at the hilum of each lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the components of the root of a lung?

A

a) Main bronchus
b) 2 Pulmonary veins
c) 1 Pulmonary artery

31
Q

True or false: The lung resides within the visceral pleura, which is within the parietal pleura.

A

False
Lung is not within, but surrounded by pleural sac

32
Q

Which is the order of main vessels passing through the root of the RIGHT lung? (superior to inferior)

A

Bronchus
Artery
Vein

33
Q

Which is the order of main vessels passing through the root of the LEFT lung? (superior to inferior)

A

Artery
Bronchus
Vein

34
Q

The cardiac notch is found on which lung above the _________ (between the oblique fissure and cardiac notch)

A

left lung above lingula

35
Q

What are the important relations at the apex of the LEFT lung?

A

1) 1st thoracic spinal nerve
2) Sympathetic trunk
3) Phrenic nerve

36
Q

What are the important relations at the hilar region of the LEFT lung?

A

1) Heart*
2) Oesophagus*
3) Thoracic Aorta*
4) Aortic arch + branches*
5) L subclavian artery
6) L common carotid artery
7) Brachiocephalic artery

37
Q

What are the important relations at the hilum of the right lung?

A

1) Heart
2) Oesophagus
3) Azygos vein
4) Both vena cava

38
Q

The phrenic nerves run _______to the roots of the lungs while the vagus nerves run _______ to the roots of the lungs.

A

Phrenic run anterior
Vagus run posterior

39
Q

The phrenic nerve arises from which spinal segments?

A

C3-5

40
Q

The network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres supply the thoracic viscera with ____________ fibres, contained in _________________________

A

motor and sensory
contained in (i) cardiac (ii) pulmonary (iii) oesophageal plexuses

41
Q

The visceral pleura and lungs receive _________ innervation from the __________.

A

visceral pleura and lung receive visceral afferent (autonomic)
from pulmonary plexus

42
Q

Are the visceral pleura and lungs sensitive to pain?

A

No (supplied by visceral afferent/autonomic)

43
Q

The parietal pleura receives ____________ innervation from ___________________________.

A

Parietal pleura receives somatic afferent from:
i) Intercostal nerves (T1-11): cervical and costal pleurae
ii) Phrenic nerves (C3-5): mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleurae

44
Q

Is the parietal pleura sensitive to pain?

A

Yes (supplied by somatic afferent from intercostal and phrenic nerves)

45
Q

Where are the dermatomes of the spinal nerves that give rise to the phrenic nerve?

A

C3: base of neck to clavicle
C4: clavicle to shoulder
C5: lateral over shoulder till elbow

46
Q

Where would pain from the parietal pleura be referred to?

A

The skin over the neck and shoulder

47
Q

How does pain from the parietal pleura get referred?

A

Pain pathways from the skin surface supplied by C3-5 spinal nerves (over neck and shoulder) AND those from parietal pleura pass very close to e/o @ dorsal root. Ephatic transmission causes brain to mistake pain from visceral parietal pleura for pain from the skin

48
Q

At which levels does the trachea begin and end?

A

C6-T4/5 (sternal angle)

49
Q

What type of cartilage forms the C-shaped rings lining the trachea?

A

Hyaline cartilage

50
Q

What tissue forms the interconnections between tracheal rings?

A

Fibroelastic tissue

51
Q

What is the function of tracheal rings?

A

Maintain mechanical stability of trachea:
- keeps trachea open/prevent collapse under negative pressures of respiratory cycle

52
Q

What happens to the amount of cartilage and smooth muscle as the trachea extends distally?

A

Cartilage reduces and disappears (no cartilage in bronchioles)
Smooth muscles increase in abundance

53
Q

What are the important anterior relations of the trachea?

A

1) Sternum
2) L Brachiocephalic Vein & Trunk
3) L Common Carotid Artery
4) Aortic arch

54
Q

What are the important posterior relations of the trachea?

A

1) Oesophagus
2) L recurrent laryngeal nerve

55
Q

What are the important right lateral relations of the trachea?

A

1) Azygos vein
2) R Vagus nerve

56
Q

What are the important left lateral relations of the trachea?

A

1) Aortic arch
2) L common carotid
3) L subclavian arteries
4) L vagus & phrenic nerves

57
Q

Where in the airway do the bronchi split into the different lobes of each lung?

A

Lobar bronchi

58
Q

In which airway are foreign bodies more likely to the trapped?

A

Right main bronchus (wider, short, more vertical than left)

59
Q

Which bronchi supply the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Segmental bronchi

60
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment has their own _____ supply, whilst the _________ vessels pass through intervening septae that separate segments.

A

Each have own arterial supply
venous and lymphatic vessels pass through intervening septae

61
Q

True or false: A bronchopulmonary segment can be surgically removed without disrupting venous supply

A

False (venous and lymphatic supply is shared between segments, only arterial isn’t)

62
Q

What does inspection of the chest wall do?

A

Shows the range of respiratory movements & any inequalities

63
Q

What does palpation in a chest examination do?

A

Confirm impression from inspection (esp of respiratory movements)

64
Q

What does percussion in a chest examination do?

A

Produce vibrations that extend through tissue to assess the resonance of tissue

65
Q

What does auscultation in a chest examination do?

A

Listen for breath sounds (vesicular/collapsed; wheeze & stridor0

66
Q

What are the 6 things to note in a chest X-ray?

A

A-F
1) Airway
2) Bones
3) Cardiac outline
4) Diaphragm
5) Effusions
6) Fields

67
Q

What is a pneumothorax and what is associated radiological appearance?

A

Entry of air into pleural cavity
- Hyperluscency and absent vascular markings

68
Q

What is a pleural effusion and what is the associated radiological appearance?

A

Pleural effusion/Hydrothorax: accumulation of fluid into pleural cavity
(if blood: hemothorax)

  • costophrenic angle absent
69
Q

Is the costophrenic angle present in hemidiaphragm paralysis?

A

Yes

70
Q

How do you landmark the triangle of safety for a chest tube insertion?

A

Define boundaries:
1) Lateral edge of pectoralis major
2) Base of axilla
3) 5th ICS
4) Lateral edge of latissimus dorsi muscle

71
Q

How do you place an incision in a chest tube insertion?

A

1) Identify upper border of rib prior to prevent injury to neurovascular bundle
2)Use a finger sweep to ensure correct location and relieve any adhesions

72
Q

What is a bronchogram?

A

Radiological examination of the bronchus and its branches

73
Q

What is a bronchoscopy?

A

Examination of the bronchus by an illuminated scope

Respiratory System (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions