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CV I > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of a capillary in CV system

A

single layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) surrounded by basement membrane

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2
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of a blood capillary vs lymphatics

A

uniform vessel diameter

8mm

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3
Q

What is the method of most the interchange at a capillary

A

simple diffusion

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4
Q

what controls rate of capillary transport

A

blood and colloid osmotic pressures

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5
Q

How are high MW molecules transported across capillaries

A

active transport via pinocytosis

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6
Q

How do WBCs and lymphocytes cross capillaries

A

diapedesis

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7
Q

how are the simple squamous cells forming capillaries held together

A

tight junctions

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8
Q

What are some glands with fenestrated capillaries

A

endocrine glands, renal gomerulus, intestinal villi pores

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9
Q

in fenestrated capillaries what are the pores closed by

A

diaphragm that is thinner than unit membrane

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10
Q

What are majority of the support cells for capillaries

A

pericytes, mesenchymal-like cells

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11
Q

In injury repair what can the support cells of capillaries do

A

transform to vascular smooth muscle and also can augment BM production

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12
Q

Where do you find discontinuous capillaries

A

sinusoids

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13
Q

How do sinusoids differ from tru capillaries

A

discontinuous endothelium, discontinuous BM, larger than capillaries- up to 30mm

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14
Q

What organs contain sinusoidal capillaries

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

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15
Q

where are capillaries continuous

A

hypophysis and adrenal glands

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16
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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17
Q

What are the layers within tunica intima

A

endothelium, BM, subbendothelial CT, inner elastic lamina

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18
Q

What are they layers within tunica media

A

smooth mm and CT and external elastic lamina

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19
Q

What are the layers of tunica adventitia

A

dense CT and fibroblasts

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20
Q

What are the 3 general categories of arteries

A

arterioles, medium sized (muscular aa) and large (elastic) aa

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21
Q

What is the most prominent tunic in all aa

A

tunica media

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22
Q

what are other layers that are sometimes visible in arteries

A

inner and external elastic laminae

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23
Q

What is the diameter of an arteriole

A

0.05 - 0.5mm

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24
Q

What are the layers of an arteriole from thickest to thinnest

A

tunica media
tunica adventitia
tunica intima

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25
Q

how many layers of smooth m are in the arteriole tunica media

A

1-5

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26
Q

What is the function of tunica media in arterioles

A

control blood flow and regulates blood pressure

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27
Q

what is the diameter of a muscular/medium artery

A

0.5mm - 1cm

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28
Q

What is the most prominent part of tunica intima in a medium artery

A

the inner elastic lamina

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29
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle are in the tunica media of medium arteries

A

5-40 layers

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30
Q

Why is there so much smooth muscle in the muscular arteries

A

maintain pressure

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31
Q

what is the diameter of large elastic arteries

A

1 - 2.5 cm

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32
Q

describe tunica intima in elastic aa

A

polygonal endothelial cells with thick CT and small inner elastic lamina

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33
Q

describe tunica media in elastic aa

A

alot of elastic fibers

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34
Q

what is the purpose of the elastic fibers in elastic aa

A

retains shape during pressure. diminishes pulsatile delivery to peripheral vessels

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35
Q

over distention of tunica intima and media is prevented by what in elastic aa

A

the tunica adventitia

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36
Q

how are the collagen bundles oriented in the tunica adventitia of elastic aa

A

spiral longitudinally around vessel

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37
Q

What is vasa vasorum

A

small nutrient aa supplying walls of larger aa

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38
Q

what type of nerve fibers terminate on arterial smooth mm

A

ANS

39
Q

What are the sensory receptors of the arterial system

A

Carotid body and sinus

40
Q

What is the carotid body

A

mass of epithelioid cells and verve endings found at bifurcation of common carotid

41
Q

what does the carotid body do

A

stimulates respiration in response to lowered blood O2

42
Q

What is the carotid sinus

A

dilatation of internal carotid artery with specialized nerve endings

43
Q

what does the carotid sinus do

A

sensitive to blood pressure change

44
Q

what are the types of venules

A

post-capillary or pericytic

and muscular

45
Q

What layer is most prominent in veins

A

tunica adventitia

46
Q

what makes up the tunica media in veins

A

mainly collagen, little sm muscle or elastic fibers

47
Q

What makes up tunica adventitia

A

smooth m and fibrous CT longitudinal and spirally oriented

48
Q

What size veins have valves

A

medium sized

49
Q

what are valves made of

A

invaginations tunica intima

50
Q

the free edges of valves face in what direction

A

direction of blood flow

51
Q

where are valves usually found in veins

A

lower limbs because low blood pressure

52
Q

Describe the tunica intima of a venule

A

endothelium and BM

53
Q

describe the tunica media of a venule

A

1-3 smooth mm layers

scattered elastic fibers

54
Q

describe the tunica adventitia of a venule

A

thickest part of a venule wall, primarily longitudinal collagen bundles

55
Q

describe tunica intima of a medium vein

A

endothelial cells are polygonal
small amount of subendothelial CT
longitudinal/spiral smooth m fibers
IEL is diffuse

56
Q

describe tunica media of a medium vein

A

thin, smooth muscle is in spiral bundles, separated by collagen

57
Q

describe tunica adventitia of a medium vein

A

collagen and elastic fibers predominate

58
Q

Describe overall structure of a large vein like vena cava

A

thick tunica adventitia- longitudinal and smooth muscle. very thing media and thin intima

59
Q

What are usually large in cross sections: aa or vv

A

veins

60
Q

What is unique of cardiac skeletal m

A

beat rhythmically without external stimuli

61
Q

how many nuclei are in cardiac m

A

binucleate and centrally located

62
Q

how big are cardiac mm

A

50-100mm in length

15-20mm diameter

63
Q

how are cardiac m cells joined together

A

fascia adherens- intercalated discs that are rich in gap junctions

64
Q

what are the 3 layers of heart tissue

A

endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

65
Q

what happens to damaged cardiac tissue

A

replaced by fibrous CT

66
Q

What makes up the endocardium

A

endothelium and BM as well as subendothelial CT and sub endocardial CT

67
Q

what is the role of subendocardial CT

A

bing endocardium to myocardium

68
Q

Where are the purkinge fibers in the heart

A

in the subendocardial CT area

69
Q

what are the purkinje fiber layer rich in

A

glycogen

70
Q

Where is the SA node

A

junction of sup vena cava and right atrium

71
Q

what inn stimulates myocardial activity and what inhibits it?

A

stimulated by sympathetic and inhibited by vagal parasympathetic

72
Q

What separates cardiac muscle bundles

A

CT networks made of collagen elastic fibers and reticular fibers

73
Q

What runs throughout the CT network of cardiac m bundles

A

capillaries and nerves

74
Q

What is another name for visceral part of pericardial sac

A

the epicardium

75
Q

what lines the epicardium

A

mesothelium

76
Q

what makes up the epicardium

A

think layer CT which carries aa and vv

77
Q

what does the loose CT of the epicardium connect

A

serous mesothelium to myocardium

78
Q

how do you distinguish endocardium from epicardium

A

epicardium has fat to protect vessels

79
Q

How does the epicardium appear compared to myocardium in a general stain

A

epicardium white because adipose and myocardium has big red spots

80
Q

Where are the fibrous rings found in heart

A

valves

81
Q

what makes up the fibrous rings in heart

A

dense fibrous CT, collagen and elastic fibers

82
Q

What are fibrous trigones

A

thickened areas of dense fibrous CT between R and L AV canals and aortic valve

83
Q

What forms the membranous part of AV septum

A

fibrous trigone

84
Q

what are the heart valves tissue wise

A

evaginations of endocardium into AV canals

85
Q

What tissue is in the core of heart valves

A

subendothelium and eubendocardium

86
Q

At what pressure difference do electrolytes pass from blood to extracellular space

A

when hydrostatic pressure of blood exceeds osmotic pressure of interstitium- Arterial side of capillary

87
Q

describe the pressure at the venous terminus of capillary

A

osmotic pressure of interstitial exceeds hydrostatic pressure of blood

88
Q

what is greater. exchange at arterial side of capillary or resorption at venous side?

A

exchange so excess is lymph

89
Q

What type of vessel do lymphatics resemble

A

veins because tunica media is mainly CT

90
Q

describe lymph capillary

A

continuous endothelium with thin wall, irregular lumen, many many valves and incomplete basal lamina, no junctional elements

91
Q

how to lymph capillaries originate

A

blind-ending vessels

92
Q

what is the difference of lymph valves when compared to venous valves

A

the core is exclusively collagen III

93
Q

what are the differences between large lymphatics and large veins

A

thinner walls, tunics less distinguishable and there are many valves and sinuses

94
Q

what are the differences with the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct with great veins

A

thinner walls, more prominent muscle layers and the tunica adventitia is not well developed

CV I (7 decks)

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